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Seminar Origins of Operating Systems The Microkernel Mach in NeXTSTEP Gregor Schmidt 2006-06-29 Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 1 Overview Introduction The road to NeXTSTEP The NeXT computers The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel Interprocess Communication by example The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 2 Overview Introduction The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 3 The Road to NeXTStep 1986 - NeXT computers, Inc. was founded by Steve Jobs and colleagues from Apple - Rich Page - George Crow - Bud Tribble - Dan‘L Lewin - Susan Barnes and - Randy Heffner - Gary H. Moore 1988 - The first computer was presented Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 4 The NeXT computers based on Motorola 680x0 2 basic models NeXTcube (1989) NeXTstation (1990) - 25 MHz resp. 33 MHz - 8 MB RAM (up to 32 MB) - 105 MB SCSI HDD - Floppy Disc Drive - 10Base-T and 10Base-2 Ethernet - Monochrome Display $ 4.995,- All later versions of NeXTSTEP operating systems run on these machines Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 5 Overview Introduction The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 6 The NeXTStep Operating System Main Features Mach Kernel 1988 - BSD refactoring 1990 - BSD-Reno for Mach BSD4.3 user space server NeXTSTEP user interface Display Postscript Object-oriented application framework Objective C as standard programming language Extraordinary OO-development tools High integration of all native applications Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 7 The NeXTSTEP Operating System Demo - By Steve Jobs Product Demonstration of NeXTSTEP Release 3.0 1:00 Start 6:30 Word Perfect 24:00 Interface Builder Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 8 Overview Introduction The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 9 The Mach Microkernel History 1985 - 1994 - developed at Carnegie-Mellon university Microkernel Deployed in several systems NeXTSTEP / OPENSTEP - Rhapsody - Mac OS X GNU/Hurd MkLinux Tru64 (OSF/1) NeXTSTEP uses Mach 2.5 Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 10 The Mach Microkernel Microkernel Little features - great reliability Only the main features run in privileged mode Process management - Scheduling Synchronization and communication Device drivers and all other services run as user services small interface lots of communication overhead little trusted computing base lots of synchronization Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 11 The Mach Microkernel Main Features Preemptive Multitasking Multithreading, Multiprocessing Memory protection, virtual memory Interprocess communication via mach messages Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 12 The Mach Microkernel Interprocess Communication Transparent network support Typed messages including type conversion between different languages Integrated with virtual memory local messages are not copied but mapped into receiver‘s address space Remote messages are send lazily Port Rights Management Ownership Receive Send Port names - unique Integer Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 13 The Mach Microkernel How to find Ports in NeXTStep Environment Manager for local use only Network Message Server enables network-wide communication Service Server in Mac OS X: Bootstrap Server Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 14 The Mach Microkernel Message Sending the Easy Way Mach Interface Generator Corba-like Stub-and-Skeleton-Generator Message encoding and decoding for free Little RPC-specific code Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 15 The Mach Microkernel Interprocess Communication by Example Calculator example Server providing calculation facilities Client using command line interface to receive tasks and queries server for the answer Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 16 Overview Introduction The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 17 The next steps 1995 - reorganization of NeXT towards software NeXT computers, Inc. - NeXT software, Inc. NeXTSTEP - OPENSTEP support for different platforms all NeXT computers Intel based computers PA-RISC Workstations Sun SPARC (IBM PPC) in labs WebObjects - first application server Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 18 The next steps OpenStep and OPENSTEP OpenStep is an object oriented API Designed by NeXT and Sun OPENSTEP is an implementation Other for Windows NT Solaris Linux - GNUStep Main components Display PostScript Objective-C Runtime and Compilers Majority of NeXTSTEP's Objective-C libraries Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 19 The next steps 1996 - take over by Apple, Inc. - 400 Millions US$ OPENSTEP becomes Mac OS X with a new User Interface - Aqua but the same underlying system components Mach enhanced to XNU (hybrid kernel) within Darwin Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 20 References BOYKIN, Joseph; KIRSCHEN, David; LANGERMAN, Alan; LoVERSO; Susan: Programming under Mach. Addison-Wesley UNIX and Open System Series, ISBN 0-201-52739-1, Addison-Wesley 1993 GARFINKEL, Simon L.; MAHONEY, Michael K.: NeXTSTEP PROGRAMMING STEP ONE: Object-Oriented Applications. TELOS. The Electronic Library of Science ISBN 0-387-97884-4, Springer-Verlag 1993 POLZE, Andreas: Vereiltes Rechnen unter Mach. unix/mail 2/1995, Carl Hanser Verlag München. Verfügbar im Internet: <http://www.informatik.huberlin.de/~apolze/papers/um2-95.ps>. - online im Internet SLABIHOUD, Stephan: NeXT Computer, Inc., 1998-2005, Verfügbar im Internet: <http://www.8bit-museum.de/docs/next1.htm>. Stand: Juni 2006 - online im Internet Special References: en.wikipedia.org - for lots of information around NeXTStep and Mach lists.apple.com - for good code example and special information Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Hasso-Plattner-Institut Gregor Schmidt Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 21