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Managing Your Cross-Platform Data
Keynote: The Power of 64
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The 32-bit Challenge
Today, customers are experiencing unprecedented challenges
in their computing environment
Increased complexity in mixed IT environments
Ever increasing user counts
Power, space and heat restrictions
It is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain Mission-Critical
databases on 32-bit architectures
Difficulty in scaling to handle increasing database sizes
Difficulty in managing large concurrent user counts
There is a limited future for 32-bit processors, 32-bit Operating
Systems, and 32 bit databases
All current and future hardware and software development is
oriented towards 64-bit platforms
The 64-bit Solution
Microsoft and Intel have solved these problems
by extending their platforms to provide advanced
64-bit architectures
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® processor-based systems offers
hybrid 32-bit/64-bit capabilities that make the transition to
64-bit processing easy
Intel Itanium® 2 processor-based systems offers high-end
performance capabilities for the most demanding and
mission-critical corporate databases
Microsoft offers Windows Server 2003 editions for both
the Xeon® and Itanium® 2 architectures
The 64-bit Solution
Both SQL Server 2005 and Oracle 10g offer 64-bit
versions for both the Xeon® and Itanium® 2 architectures
Compared to 32-bit database versions
(Windows/UNIX/Linux), the 64-bit Windows versions
of both SQL Server 2005 and Oracle 10g provide
outstanding performance
When compared to 64-bit database versions on
UNIX/Linux, the 64-bit Windows versions of both
SQL Server 2005 and Oracle 10g offer competitive
performance, even superior performance in
some scenarios
Windows Server 2003 Family
32-bit
x86
64-bit
x64
64-bit
Itanium
Up to 32-way,
64 GB RAM
Up to 64-way,
1 TB RAM
Up to 64-way,
1 TB RAM
Up to 8-way,
64 GB RAM
Up to 8-way,
1 TB RAM
Up to 8-way,
1 TB RAM
Up to 4-way,
4 GB RAM
Up to 4-way,
32 GB RAM
n/a
Up to 2-way,
2 GB RAM
n/a
n/a
Windows Architecture: Thread Model
On Windows, both SQL Server 2005 and Oracle 10g are
implemented as single operating system processes
per instance
This is distinctly different than UNIX/Linux ports of Oracle
Database 10g, where there are multiple background
processes
Typical Oracle “processes” such as PMON and LGWR have
been converted to native Windows threads running in the
single large Oracle process
The Windows thread model is generally beneficial to
performance, but also causes some memory implementation
limitations under 32-bit Windows
32-bit Addressing
32-bit processors have address registers that are
32-bits wide (can address up to 4GB RAM)
Each individual process gets its own virtual
address space that can be up to 4GB
This virtual address space is divided – system and
user space, by default 2 GB each
The user space can be extended to 3 GB with the
4GT feature
/3GB flag = 4GB Tuning Feature – reduces system space
to 1GB, allowing 3GB for user space
Add to boot.ini file and reboot to take effect
Windows Threads And Memory
Oracle or SQL Server process
12GB
For Kernel
Oracle SGA or SQL Server
Buffer Cache + Procedure
Cache
2GB
or 3GB
total
SGA contains db
buffers, log buffers
shared pool, other
memory allocations
Each thread consists
of PGA, stack, other
memory allocations
Background and foreground threads
Code
32-bit Systems With PAE And AWE
PAE - Physical Address Extension
Allows 36-bit memory addressing
Allows the IA32 processor to address up to 64GB of physical
RAM
Add /PAE switch in the boot.ini file and reboot server
AWE – Address Windowing Extension
AWE – a set of APIs that allow programs to address memory
locations outside of their 4GB virtual addressing range
With AWE programs reserve memory as non-paged
(will not page out)
These methods add a translation layer to memory
access – slower than direct memory access
12-60 GB
1
GB
REST OF RAM
32-bit: VLM Support
Extended memory
available for db
buffers via AWE calls
For O/S, other apps
For Kernel
Window on db
buffers in AWE mem
3GB
with AWE
Memory from AWE calls used for
db buffers only. VLM memory can
be tuned for 12 GB – 60 GB of
database buffers. Requires /PAE
flag plus ~ 1 GB AWE Window in
low memory (Oracle only)
SGA minus db buffers
Code
Oracle operating system process.
Limited to 3GB of address space
(with /3GB flag). Note that after
subtracting AWE overhead, memory
for non-db buffer components of the
SGA is only 1-2 GB.
Performance Implications Of 32-bit Memory
Memory split into two parts is not as efficient as memory in one segment
Overhead is introduced, memory access is substantially slower
32-bit systems with 8 GB of RAM may not perform much better than systems with
4 GB of RAM
Memory above 4 GB can only be used for Buffer cache (Oracle and SQL
Server)
Buffer cache does not support user connections; all user connections must be
supported from low memory (<= 3GB)
AWE overhead may take up an additional 1 GB of low memory, leaving only 1-2 GB
for managing user connections
SQL Server connections are lightweight, so 4,000+ connections are possible, even
with limited memory
However, Oracle connections require ~ 15-20 MB of memory, limiting concurrent
connections to low 100s (Dedicated Server) – 2,000 (Shared Server)
Additional 64-bit Windows Advantages:
Thread Model
Thread model benefits
Faster context switches
Decreased memory usage
Quicker connection times
Perceived as a more “native” implementation
since it uses threads versus processes
No changes required for client applications
Can perform faster than Process model for
CPU-intensive operations
Additional 64-bit Windows Advantages:
Thread Tuning
Both CPU affinities and thread priorities can be
set and manipulated via registry parameters on
a thread-by-thread basis
User-thread support
Users may now run the database in user-thread
mode, which employs database-scheduled fibers
instead of O/S scheduled threads
For CPU intensive apps, this will provide a
performance boost and reduce CPU utilization
Windows Server 64-bit Versions
Gradually replaces
32-bit Windows as
mainstream offering
Suitable for all workloads
Well-suited for combining
32-bit and 64-bit software
Benefits from latest innovations
such as multi-core, reduced
power consumption and heat
Intended for the most
demanding Database and LOB
deployments on 8-way+
Designed for pure 64-bit
software stacks
Optimized for high performance
x64 Server Options
x64 hardware supports multiple configurations
Extends hardware investment by allowing gradual migration to 64-bit computing
Provides superior 32-bit performance and very good 64-bit performance
32-bit Stack
Hybrid Stack
32-bit
64-bit Stack
Applications
32-bit
Windows Servers
32-bit
x64
x64
Device Drivers
32-bit
x64
x64
x64
x64
x64
Server Hardware
x64
x64
Itanium Benefits For Databases
Larger cache size
Fast Itanium® 2 on-die L3 cache up to 24 MB
Less cache latency (fewer clock cycles needed)
Databases benefit greatly with larger caches closer to the processor
Allows for “bigger” systems
Better Parallelism
Better Instruction level parallelism (11 issues ports)
More registers (264 registers supporting parallel instructions and
reduce need for memory access)
Improved Scalability of System Bus allowing for bigger systems
Improved Micro Architecture
Predication removes delays caused by mispredicated branches
Migration To 64-bit
Breadth of Applications
Mainstream
Versatile
32-bit x86
64-bit x64
Most
Scalable
64-bit
Itanium
Scalability
Business Benefits Of 64-bit Migration
Meet increasing business demands
Allow more complex workloads
Serve greater number of customers
Improve response times
Increase cost effectiveness
Do more work on the same budget
Enable server and database consolidation
Make more efficient use of Datacenter resources
“Future proof” your database investment
All development resources are being directed towards 64-bit platforms
The “tipping-point” for moving 64-bit processing into the mainstream
has been reached
Summary
The 32-bit architecture is no longer adequate to support the demanding workloads of
Microsoft Windows databases
Intel offers Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® and Dual-Core Itanium® 2 processor-based server
architectures for 64-bit processing, and Microsoft offers Windows Server 2003 for both
architectures
Databases on 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows Server 2003 perform substantially
better than their 32-bit counterparts
SQL Server 2005 and Oracle 10g scale better due to superior handling of Large Memory
Oracle 10g also benefits from unlimited user connectivity
On CPU-intensive tasks, 64-bit multi-threaded databases on MS Windows may
perform better than 64-bit UNIX/Linux databases
The Windows x64 Editions on the Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® server architecture offers a
hybrid 32-bit/64-bit architecture that eases the transition to 64-bit computing
The Intel Itanium® 2 processor-based server architecture is optimized for highperformance databases
Migrating to 64-bit technology is a way to “future-proof” your database investment
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