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
SOFTWARE
It Consists of a series of instructions that
tells the computer what to do.
Software is set of instruction which are
developed by the programmers to solve
specific problems.
The programs are written in computer
languages such as FORTRAN, Basic ,
Pascal C,C++ etc.
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SOFTWARES ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES
1.
SYSTEM SOFTWARES
2.
APPLICATION SOFTWARES
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
SYSTEM SOTWARES
The system software is set of instruction
which are designed by programmer for the
use of computer.
These software control the performance of
the computer.
These soft wares help user to work with
computer.
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
TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARES
1.
OPERATING SYSTEMS
2.
DRIVERS
3.
TRANSLATORS
4.
LANGUAGES
5.
UTILITIES SOFTWARE
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1.
OPERATING SYSTEM
It is system software that is used to
manage the various resources and
over all operations of a computer is
called operating system. It acts as a
bridge between user and hardware of
computer.
It is the first program installed on
your computer.
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
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1.
Windows operating system:
window 98, window xp, window vista,
window 07 etc.
2.
3.
4.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
DOS (Disk operating system)
Macintosh operating system
Network operating system
LINUX
UNIX
Solaris
windows NT
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WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
windows operating system runs in a rectangular
area of the desktop. this rectangular area is
called window.
Microsoft windows is an operating system.
window is graphical user interface in contrast to
the DOS, which is command line interface. An
interface determine how you interact with your
computer to do things like entering data or
running programs like changing fonts
numbering lines, creating tables etc
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DOS :DISK OPERATING SYSTEM
it is command line interface operating system. it
has no graphical user interface. it works on
commands. You have to give command for each
task.
Examples of command used in Dos





CLS Command: it clear the screen of monitor.
TIME: It show time on system
DATE: It shows date on system
DIR:Entire directory is shown.
VER: It will show version of operating system.
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MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM
It is an operating system which only runs on
apple Macintosh computer.
 NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
These operating system are designed for to
work with networks. Like LANs which allows PC
to share programs, data files, printer and other
devices.
Example of network operating system
Netware, window NT,/2000/2003/2008,
Unix,Linux,Solaris

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
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1.
BOOTING
2.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
3.
CPU MANAGEMENT
4.
FILES MANAGEMENT
5.
TASK MANAGEMENT
6.
SECURITY MANAGEMENT
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1.
BOOTING
Booting is the process of loading an
operating system into a computer’s main
memory.
This loading is done by program BIOS
(basic input/output system) stored
permanently in ROM.Boot program
obtain the operating system which is
stored on hard disk, load it into
computer main memory. where it
remains until you turn the computer off.
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
TYPES OF BOOT

COLD BOOT
When you power up a computer by turning on
the power “on” switch this is called cold boot.

WARM BOOT
if your computer is already on and you restart it,
this is called a warm boot. pressing restart key
or Ctrl+Alt+Del.
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2.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
The operating system also manages
memory. It swap data or program
between main memory and secondary
memory such as hard disk.
swap in mean movement of data from
hard disk to RAM.
Swap out mean movement of data from
RAM to hard disk.
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3.
CPU MANAGEMENT
CPU (central processing unit) is
controlled by supervisor or kernel.
kernel is brain of operating system or
central component of operating system.
it remains in main memory. It control
working of cpu.
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4.
FILE MANAGEMENT
File is collection of data which is stored
in hard disk.
Example of data files are word
files,images,songs etc.if you
move,rename,copy or delete file the
operating system manages such
changes.
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5.
TASK MANAGEMENT
Task is an operation such as
storing,printing,or calculating etc.
computer perform many tasks at once,
like word processing
,database,spreadsheet,songs etc.All are
handled by operating system.
Other task managements are
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
MULTITASKING
Multi-tasking is the execution of two or more
than two programs by one user at the same time
on the same computer with one central
processor.

MULTIPROGRAMMING
Multiprogramming is the execution of two or
more than two programs by more than one user
on a single computer.
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
MULTIPROCESSING.
when one user at the same time using two
or more than two processor. such
systems are called fault tolerance, if one
CPU fails other will work. multiprocessing
is managed by operating system
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6.
SECURITY MANAGMENT
Operating system allows user to use
user name and password. when you
boot your system each time you have to
give user name and password.
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2.
DRIVER
The type of system software require to
run peripheral devices such as mouse
,keyboard,floppy disk, CD-ROM Modem,
Printer ,etc.
This type of software is called device
Driver. when you purchase a hardware
device, you also receive a disk
containing a device driver.
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3.
TRANSLATOR
it is system software to convert program
into machine language. As machine
language is only language that computer
can recognize and act on directly. when
we write program it is in high level
language it is converted into machine
language by translator.
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TYPES OF TRANSLATOR

INTERPRETER

COMPILER

ASSEMBLER
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
INTERPRETER
An interpreter is a language translator
program that converts each high level
language code into machine language and
execute it immediately, statement by
statement. Interpreter is slower than
compiler. BASIC language use
interpreter.
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
COMPILER
A compiler is language translator program
that converts the entire program
of high level language into machine
language form. the programming
instruction is called source code .the
compiler translate it into machine
language which is then called object
code.
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
ASSEMBLER
An assembler is a program that translate
the assembly language program into
machine language.
like 10101010101
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4.
LANGUAGE
A Computer language is a mean of
communication between the user and
computer. A computer language is set of
instructions. to make programs these
instruction are written under some rules.
1.
2.
3.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
LOW LEVEL
INTERMEDIATE
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
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
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MACHINE LANGUAGE
Machine language is low level programming
language. It is the basic language of
computer ,representing data as 1s and 0s.
example: program written in this form
11100110 0110011 1101.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
Assembly language is a Intermediate level
programming language that allows
programmer to write a program using
abbreviation or more easily remembered
words instead of number.
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
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
A high level language is nearest to human
language such as English. high level
language is easy from user point of view. For
high level languages translators are needed
to convert it into machine language. it is
much easier to develop software's in high
level language.
Examples
BASIC,FORTRAN,
COBOL, C,C++,PASCAL,JAVA etc.
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
FORTRAN formula translation.

BASIC beginner’s all-purposes symbolic
instruction code.
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COBOL common business oriental language.
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C LANGUAGE CODE
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int marks;
clrscr();
printf("ENTER YOUR MARKS=\t ");
scanf("%d",&marks);
if (marks>45)
printf("congrats! you are successful");
else
Printf ("sorry! you are Fail ");
scanf("%d",&a);
getche();
}
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HTML CODE TO DESIGN WEB PAGE
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>MY FIRST WEB PAGE</title>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLoR=“green”>
<MARQUEE>
MAIWAND INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
</MARQUEE>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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5. UTILITY PROGRAM
Utility programs are types of system software.
mostly these software are included in operating
system.
Some important utility programs are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
BACKUP
DATA RECOVERY
VIRUS PROTECTION
DATA COMPRESSION
DISK SCANNER and DISK CLEAN UP
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1.BACKUP
These software are used to take backup or
duplicate copy of data On your hard disk.
Example of backup utilities are
Norton backup and Colorado scheduler.
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2.DATA RECOVERY
A Data recovery utility is used to restore data
that has been damaged or corrupted. data can
be damaged by viruses ,hardware failure, bad
software, and power fluctuation.
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3.ANTI-VIRUS
Antivirus software is a utility program that scan all
disk to detect viruses. antivirus
detect virus and destroy the virus on the spot.
Example of antivirus
Symantic, Norton ,McAfee, Avira,Bitdefender etc.
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A Virus consist of hidden programming
instruction that are attached
with an application or system software.
viruses are spread when people
exchange floppy disk ,USB,CDs,download
data from internet or open files attached to
mail.
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
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VIRUS
1.
BOOT SECTOR VIRUS
2.
FILE VIRUS
3.
LOGIC BOMB
4.
TROJAN HORSE
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1.
BOOT SECTOR VIRUS
The boot sector virus replace the boot
instructions with some of its own
instruction. once the system is turned on,
the virus is loaded into main memory
before opening the operating system. from
there it infect other files.
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EXAMPLE OF BOOT SECTOR VIRUS
Anti EXE,NYB(New York boot), Ripper ,monkey etc
2.
FILE VIRUS
File virus attach themselves to
executable file (those file that actually
begin a program). these file have
extension .exe and .COM. when the
program is run the virus starts working.
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3.
LOGIC BOMB

when certain logic condition becomes true
then it work. It starts its working at a
certain date and time. Its like time bomb
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
TROJAN HORSE
Trojan horse is a program that pretends to
be a useful program, usually free, such as
game or screen saver but carries viruses,
or destructive instructions.
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DATA COMPRESSION
Data compression programs remove
gaps and unnecessary data from a
computer’s storage space so that less
space is required to store data.
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
DISK SANNER AND DISK CLEAN UP
These utilities remove unnecessary
files, such as temporary files temp files.
For example when you create word file.
word will store a temp file.
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
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
It is the set of instructions which are
developed by the programmer to solve
Specific problems.
These programs are written in
computer language such as FORTRAN,
Basic, C++ etc.
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
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
DBMS helps you to work with database.
These software's help to keep organized,
accessible records.
Example's-Access, My SQL,ORACLE etc.
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WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE
Word processing software helps you to
produce documents such as
reports,letters,and scripts.
Example: MS-word,notepad,Word pad.

SPREAD SHEETS SOFTWARE
spreadsheets software helps you to work
with numbers. an electronic spreadsheet is a
table of rows and columns used to store data
and manipulate any kind of numeral data.e.g
MS-excel
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
COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE
These software allows your computer to
talk to other computer. it enables the
transfer of file between a PC and other
computer. It also allows you to send or
receive Faxes directly.

ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE
Entertainment software is designed to
entertain you. With entertainment software
you can play cards, play different games.
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
FINANCIAL SOFTWARES
These software allows you to store various
account information like recording income
,expenses ,income tax, checkbook
management etc.
Peach tree, Quick book, Microsoft money etc.
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
DRAWING AND PAINTING SOFTWARE
A drawing software allows user to design
objects. some drawing programs are
Corel draw, adobe illustrator, macromedia
flash, photo paint, paint shop etc.
painting software is also called image –
editing software because it allows you to
retouch photograph, add special effects.
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