Download Chapter 1: A Tour of Computer Systems

Chapter 1: A Tour of Computer
Systems
Bryant & O’Hallaron
printf.o
hello.c
Source
program
(text)
Prehello.i
processor
(cpp)
Modified
source
program
(text)
Compiler hello.s
(cc1)
Assembly
program
(text)
Assembler hello.o
(as)
Relocatable
object
programs
(binary)
Linker
(ld)
hello
Executable
object
program
(binary)
CPU
Register file
PC
ALU
System bus
Memory bus
Main
memory
I/O
bridge
Bus interface
I/O bus
USB
controller
Mouse Keyboard
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Display
Disk
Expansion slots for
other devices such
as network adapters
hello executable
stored on disk
CPU
Register file
PC
ALU
System bus
Memory bus
Main "hello"
memory
I/O
bridge
Bus interface
I/O bus
USB
controller
Mouse Keyboard
User
types
"hello"
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Display
Disk
Expansion slots for
other devices such
as network adapters
CPU
Register file
PC
ALU
System bus
Memory bus
"hello,world\n"
Main
memory
hello code
I/O
bridge
Bus interface
I/O bus
USB
controller
Mouse Keyboard
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Display
Disk
Expansion slots for
other devices such
as network adapters
hello executable
stored on disk
CPU
Register file
PC
ALU
System bus
Memory bus
Main "hello,world\n"
memory
hello code
I/O
bridge
Bus interface
I/O bus
USB
controller
Mouse Keyboard
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Display
"hello,world\n"
Disk
Expansion slots for
other devices such
as network adapters
hello executable
stored on disk
CPU chip
Register file
Cache
memories
ALU
System bus
Bus interface
I/O
bridge
Memory bus
Main
memory
L0:
Regs
Smaller,
faster,
and
costlier
(per byte)
storage
devices
L1:
L2:
CPU registers hold words retrieved from
cache memory.
L1 cache
(SRAM)
L1 cache holds cache lines retrieved
from the L2 cache.
L2 cache
(SRAM)
L2 cache holds cache lines
retrieved from L3 cache
L3:
L3 cache
(SRAM)
L3 cache holds cache lines
retrieved from memory.
Larger,
slower,
and
cheaper
(per byte)
storage
devices
L4:
L5:
Main memory
(DRAM)
Main memory holds disk
blocks retrieved from local
disks.
Local secondary storage
(local disks)
Local disks hold files
retrieved from disks on
remote network servers.
L6:
Remote secondary storage
(distributed file systems, Web servers)
Application programs
Software
Operating system
Processor
Main memory
I/O devices
Hardware
Processes
Virtual memory
Files
Processor
Main memory
I/O devices
Process A
Process B
Time
read
User code
Kernel code
Disk interrupt
Return
from read
Context
switch
User code
Kernel code
User code
Context
switch
Kernel virtual memory
Memory
invisible to
user code
User stack
(created at runtime)
Memory mapped region for
shared libraries
printf function
Run-time heap
(created by malloc)
Read/write data
Read-only code and data
0x08048000 (32)
0x00400000 (64)
0
Loaded from the
hello executable file
CPU chip
Register file
PC
ALU
System bus
Memory bus
Main
memory
I/O
bridge
Bus interface
Expansion slots
I/O bus
USB
controller
Mouse Keyboard
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Network
adapter
Disk
Network
Monitor
1. User types
"hello" at the
keyboard
5. Client prints
"hello, world\n"
string on display
Local
telnet
client
2. Client sends "hello"
string to telnet server
4. Telnet server sends
"hello, world\n" string
to client
Remote
telnet
server
3. Server sends "hello"
string to the shell, which
runs the hello program,
and passes the output
to the telnet server
All processors
Multiprocessors
Uniprocessors
Multicore
Hyperthreaded
Processor package
Core 0
Core 3
Regs
L1
d-cache
Regs
L1
i-cache
…
L2 unified cache
L1
d-cache
L1
i-cache
L2 unified cache
L3 unified cache
(shared by all cores)
Main memory
Virtual machine
Processes
Instruction set
architecture
Virtual memory
Files
Operating system
Processor
Main memory
I/O devices