Download Abstract View of System Components

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Corso di
Laboratorio di Sistemi Operativi
Corsi di Laurea in Scienza e Teoria dell'Informatica e Matematica,
Università di Siena
Anno accademico 2003/2004
Dott. Simone Rinaldi
Dott. Andrea Frosini
e-mail: [email protected]
e-mail: [email protected]
Ricevimento: lunedì dalle 14:00 alle 16:00.
I lucidi delle lezioni ed altro eventuale materiale didattico
potranno essere reperiti alla pagina
http://www2.dsmi.unisi.it/newsito/insegnamento.php?id=24
1.1
Programma del corso (1/2)
Introduzione
1. Preliminari 2. Sviluppo dei Sistemi Operativi
Storia di UNIX e di Linux
1. Evoluzione di UNIX 2. Avvento di Linux 3. Linux e MINIX
4. Concetto di Open Source e Free Software Foundation 5. Distribuzioni
6. Mandrake 9.0 "Dolphin" (caratteristiche e istallazione)
Struttura di UNIX e di Linux
1. Livelli e componenti di UNIX 2. Shell 3. Libreria Standard 4. Kernel
5. Kernel modulare di Linux 6. Introduzione al file system
I comandi principali
1. Avviare il sistema 2. Connessione e disconnessione dal sistema
3. Shell 4. Comandi 5. Filtri 6. Manuali: man, info 7. Gestione dei files e directories
8. Standard input, output, error 9. Pipelines 10. find 11. grep
La gestione dei files
1. UNIX File system 2. Index node 3. Link 4. Gestione dei files e delle directories
5. Attributi dei files 6. Gestione dei Permessi 7. Linux file system
8. Compressione e uso del tar
1.2
Programma del corso (2/2)
La gestione dei processi
1. Introduzione ai processi 2. Stati di un processo
3. Comandi per la gestione dei processi UNIX
4. System calls per la gestione dei processi: fork(), wait(), exec(), exit () …
5. Programmi in C e system calls 6. Segnali Link 7. Scheduling
La shell bash
1. Introduzione alle shell 2. Programmi e Scripting 3. Introduzione agli script per bash
4. Gestione delle variabili 5. If-then-else-fi 6. Espressioni
7. Parametri posizioni e parametri speciali 8. case-in-esac 9. for-in-do-done
10. Array Link 11. Debugging 12. while-do-done 13. conitnue-break
14. until-do-done Link 15. Gestione stringhe Link 16. Sostituzione dei parametri
17. Funzioni 18. Esempi
1.3
Modalità di esame
L'esame consiste nella realizzazione di scripts che risolvono un esercizio assegnato dal
docente.
Gli scripts devono essere realizzati in una settimana.
Al momento della consegnata del programma al docente lo studente sostiene la prova orale
che consiste in una
discussione sugli scripts realizzati. L'esercizio deve essere svolto individualmente.
Prenotazione Esame
Deve essere effettuata la prenotazione all'esame inviando una email con soggetto
Prenotazione Laboratorio di S.O. ad uno degli indirizzi:
[email protected]
[email protected]
specificando inoltre:
Nome, Cognome, Nome del corso, Corso di Laurea.
Il docente invierà l'esercizio (sempre via email) dopo circa una settimana.
La consegna prevede
•una relazione che illustri i vari passi della procedura che risolve l'esercizio e gli scripts
implementati
•sia la relazione che gli scripts possono essere consegnati inviando una email
all'indirizzo: [email protected] oppure [email protected]
•il docente risponde al messaggio comunicando la data della prova orale
1.4
Libri di Testo
Linux La guida , M. Welsh, M. K. Dalheimwer, L. Kaufman, Apogeo
Guida a Unix con Linux, di Jack Dent, Tony Gaddis, Apogeo
Per ulteriori approfondimenti sui S.O.
Sistemi Operativi, V Edizione, A. Silberschatz and P. B. Galvin, Addison Wesley.
I Moderni Sistemi Operativi, A. S. Tanenbaum, Jackson Al Kelley,
C Didattica e Programmazione Al Kelley, Ira Pohl, , Addison-Wesley
Manuali online
Appunti_di_informatica_libera.html, Daniele Gioacomini
Linux Guida dell’Utente, Larry Greenfield
Linux HOWTO - Istallazione e Configurazione
BASH Programming - Introduction HOWTO
1.5
What is an Operating System?
 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of
a computer and the computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Furnish services to programs (I/O, read, write, timer,
interrupt ... ) using special instructions (system calls).
 Make the computer system convenient to use,
organizing its resources and sharing them among the
users.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
1.6
Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – It is a special system program that
controls and coordinates the use of the hardware
among the various system and application programs
for the various users.
3. System and Application programs – define the ways in
which the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers, database
systems, video games, browsers).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
1.7
Abstract View of System Components
1.8
Operating System Definitions
 Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources.
 Control program – controls the execution of user
programs and operations of I/O devices.
 Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else
being application programs).
1.9
History of Operating Systems
 First generation 1945 - 1955
 vacuum tubes, plug boards
 Second generation 1955 - 1965
 transistors, batch systems
 Third generation 1965 – 1980
 ICs and multiprogramming
 Fourth generation 1980 – present
 personal computers
1.10
Batch Systems (2nd generation)
Early batch system




bring cards to 1401
read cards to tape
put tape on 7094 which does computing
put tape on 1401 which prints output
1.11
Batch Systems
 Structure of a typical Fortran Monitor System job
1.12
Batch Systems
 Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
 Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers
control from one job to another. First rudimentary
operating system.
 Use of a small machine for writing jobs on a tape
and printing results from tape. It has no
computational capability.
1.13
Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System
1.14
Multi-programmed Batch Systems (3rd generation)
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time (pool
of jobs), and the CPU is multiplexed among them (CPU
scheduling).
1.15
OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
 CPU scheduling – the system must choose
among several jobs ready to run.
management – the system must
allocate the memory to several jobs.
 Memory
 I/O routine supplied by the system.
 Spooling systems for handling outputs.
1.16
Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive Computing
 The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are
kept in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a
job only if the job is in memory).
 A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
 On-line communication between the user and the
system is provided; when the operating system finishes
the execution of one command, it seeks the next
“control statement” from the user’s keyboard.
 On-line system must be available for users to access
data and code.
1.17
OS Time-Sharing Systems
 CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System - 1962)
 MULTICS (MULTIplexed Information and
Computing Service - 1965)
 UNIX (1969)
1.18
Desktop Systems (4nd generation)
 Personal computers – computer system dedicated to
a single user.
 I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small
printers.
 User convenience and responsiveness.
 Can adopt technology developed for larger operating
system. Often individuals have sole use of computer
and do not need advanced CPU utilization of
protection features.
 May run several different types of operating systems
(Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)
1.19
Desktop Systems
 MS-DOS (MicroSoft Disk Operating System -1980)
 Windows (1985)
 Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me
 Windows NT, Windows 2000 (5th version of NT),
Windows XP
 UNIX
 Minix (1987)
 Linux (1994)
1.20
Distributed Systems
 Requires networking infrastructure.
 Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN)
 May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems.
1.21