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The Age of Jackson
Section 1
Politics of the People
Objectives:
Section One
p. 351-357
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Explain the importance of the election of 1824
Analyze Jacksonian democracy and the
expansion of voting rights.
Explain why Jackson was known as “the
people’s president”
Evaluate Jackson’s use of the spoils system
to begin a new political era.
William H. Crawford
South
John Q. Adams
New England
Henry Clay
West
Andrew Jackson
West
Election of 1824-Stolen Election

Sectionalism led to a fierce
fight over the Presidency.
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Democratic-Republican Party
split
Andrew Jackson won the
popular vote, but no one
received the majority of the
electoral votes. The election
was thrown into the House for
a tie-breaker.
John Quincy Adams was
elected.

Andrew Jackson’s supporters
cried “corrupt bargain”
Presidential Election 1824 States Carried
John Quincy Adams
President
Elected by the House
of Representatives.
“Corrupt Bargain” Supporters of Jackson
claimed that Adams made a deal with Clay
to win the Presidency.
Jackson overwhelmingly defeats
Adams in 1828
It was the first election
which was to be decided by
popular vote. It was an
election which pitted
Andrew Jackson, who
projected an image of a
populist, against President
Adams, who was a member
of the "ruling class".
Presidential Election 1828 States Carried
Andrew Jackson’s Wife
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Rachel Donelson Jackson is
best known today as the
woman Andrew Jackson
loved so fiercely that he
never forgave his political
enemies for tarnishing her
good name.
Throughout their 37 years of
marriage, Jackson remained
devoted to his wife, and he
mourned her death in 1828
for the rest of his life.
President Andrew Jackson

...Old Hickory...Hero of the Common
Man... Hero of the Battle of New
Orleans ...Self-Made Man...
King Andrew...General.
Self-Made Man!
Andrew Jackson was
the first "Common Man"
and Western President.
 A “self-made man” is a
person who, without the
advantages of a formal
education, climbed the
ladder of success through
his or her own efforts.

The “People’s President”…..
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Andrew Jackson was born at a
settlement on the banks of
Crawford's Branch of Waxhaw
Creek in South Carolina on March
15, 1767.
His father died a few days before
Andrew's birth.
Bereft of his mother and two
brothers by sickness during the
American Revolution, in which he
had himself served as a mounted
courier when he was 13 years old.
Spoils System


Jackson replaced
many government
officials with his
supporters.
The practice of giving
government jobs to
political backers is
called the Spoils
System.

“To the victor goes
the spoils”
The spoils system is the
practice of appointing
people to public office on
the basis of a personal
relationship, or affiliation,
rather than because of their
merits. The spoils system
has existed since the
presidency of Andrew
Jackson, but it is not seen
exceedingly often today.
Universal Manhood Suffrage


Universal suffrage- voting
rights for all people.
Between 1810 and 1820
six new states were
added to the Union.


Each state extended the
right to vote to all white
male citizens.
Each state dropped the
property qualification.
Vote
Vote
Non-White Male Suffrage
Not everyone benefited, of course, from white manhood suffrage.
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Only the New England states allowed free black males to
vote prior to the Civil War.
(No slaves were ever allowed to vote.)
In many states, the laws extending the vote to adult white
males limited suffrage among free black males to those with
property valued at $250.
For example, only 68 of the 13,000 African Americans living
in New York City were eligible to vote in 1825.
Both the South and many new western states denied
suffrage to free blacks and barred them from holding public
office or giving testimony against whites in court cases.
Women Could Not Vote
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Similarly, the elimination of the property
requirement for white male suffrage did little for
women.
All women were barred from voting.
No state allowed women to vote after 1807.
Males more and more looked upon politics as a
male business only.
Any woman who voiced an opinion on political
matters risked criticism for stepping out of her
proper role in life.
Founder of the Democratic Party

When Andrew Jackson ran for
president in 1828, his
opponents tried to label him a
"jackass" for his populist views
and his slogan, "Let the people
rule." Jackson, however, picked
up on their name calling and
turned it to his own advantage
by using the donkey on his
campaign posters. During his
presidency, the donkey was
used to represent Jackson's
stubbornness when he vetoed
re-chartering the National Bank.
News Flash

Create a newspaper article and headline highlighting
the events of the 1828 election. Your article/headline
should be at least half a page. Go into detail about the
events and include the following terms (highlight
them):
 John Quincy Adams
 Andrew Jackson
You need to
 Common man
include a
 Universal Suffrage
picture/graph
 Spoils System
about the
 Rachel Jackson
election.
Section 2
Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans
Objectives:
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Section Two
p. 358- 362
Explain the conflict between the whites and
the Native Americans in the Southeast
Evaluate Jackson’s removal policy
Describe the hardships of the Trail of Tears
Explain how Native American groups in the
East resisted removal
Native Americans
in the Southeast
1820’s-About 100,000 Native Americans
remained east of the Mississippi River.
 Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek,
and the Seminole

Called the Five Civilized Tribes by whites.
 They held large areas of land in Georgia, the
Carolinas, Alabama, Mississippi, and
Tennessee.
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Cherokee Nation
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They adopted white
customs.
Owned farms and
plantations
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Slaves
1827 They wrote and
adopted their own
constitution based on the
U.S. Constitution and
formed the Cherokee
Nation.
John Ross was
principal chief of the
Eastern Cherokees
and later the
combined Cherokee
Nation in Indian
Territory. He served
from 1828 until his
death in 1866.
The Cherokee national newspaper, The
Cherokee Phoenix, was first printed
February 21, 1828 in Georgia. The paper
was printed in both Cherokee and
English and became popular in the
United States and Europe.
Inventor of the Cherokee alphabet.
GOLD is FOUND in GEORGIA!
Settlers and miners want the
Georgia lands and the Federal
government responds by
passing a law to remove all
southeastern tribes.
Indian Removal Act -1830
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Called for the government to negotiate treaties with
the Native Americans to relocate west.

President Andrew Jackson's Case for the Removal Act
First Annual Message to Congress, 8 December 1830
 “It puts an end to all possible danger of collision between
the authorities of the General and State Governments on
account of the Indians.”
 “Toward the aborigines of the country no one can indulge
a more friendly feeling than myself, or would go further in
attempting to reclaim them from their wandering habits
and make them a happy, prosperous people.”
 “The waves of population and civilization are rolling to the
westward, and we now propose to acquire the countries
occupied by the red men of the South and West by a fair
exchange, and, at the expense of the United States, to
send them to a land where their existence may be
prolonged and perhaps made perpetual.”
Indian Removal

In 1830 the Congress of the United States passed the "Indian
Removal Act." Although many Americans were against the act, most
notably Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett, it passed anyway.
President Jackson quickly signed the bill into law. The Cherokees
attempted to fight removal legally by challenging the removal laws
in the Supreme Court and by establishing an independent Cherokee
Nation.
Indian Removal

In 1832, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the
Cherokee on the same issue in Worcester vs. Georgia. In
this case Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the
Cherokee Nation was sovereign, making the removal laws
invalid.
"I would sooner be
honestly damned than
hypocritically
immortalized“
Davy Crockett
His political career destroyed because
he supported the Cherokee, he left
Washington D. C. and headed west to
Texas.
Move’em West of the Mississippi
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Early that summer General Scott
and the United States Army
began the invasion of the
Cherokee Nation.
About 4000 Cherokee died as a
result of the removal. The route
they traversed and the journey
itself became known as "The
Trail of Tears" or, as a direct
translation from Cherokee, "The
Trail Where They Cried"
("Nunna daul Tsuny").
They took the whole Cherokee Nation
And put us on this reservation
Took away our ways of life
The tomahawk and the bow and knife
They took away our native tongue
And taught their English to our young
And all the beads we made by hand
Are nowadays made in Japan
Cherokee people, Cherokee tribe
So proud to live, so proud to die
They took the whole Indian Nation
And locked us on this reservation
And though I wear a shirt and tie
I’m still a red man deep inside
Cherokee people, Cherokee tribe
So proud to live, so proud to die
But maybe someday when they learn
Cherokee Nation will return
Will return
Will return
Will return
Will return
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Long time we travel on way to new land.
People feel bad when they leave old nation.
Women cry and make sad wails. Children cry
and many men cry, and all look sad like when
friends die, but they say nothing and just put
heads down and keep on go towards West.
Many days pass and people die very much.
We bury close by Trail.
 -- Survivor of the Trail of Tears
The Legend of the
Cherokee Rose
No better symbol exists of the pain and suffering of the
Trail Where They Cried than the Cherokee Rose. The
mothers of the Cherokee grieved so much that the chiefs
prayed for a sign to lift the mother's spirits and give
them strength to care for their children. From that day
forward, a beautiful new flower, a rose, grew wherever a
mother's tear fell to the ground. The rose is white, for the
mother's tears. It has a gold center, for the gold taken
from the Cherokee lands, and seven leaves on each stem
that represent the seven Cherokee clans that made the
journey. To this day, the Cherokee Rose prospers along
the route of the "Trail of Tears". The Cherokee Rose is
now the official flower of the State of Georgia.
War with Seminole Indians
(1835-42)
Chief Osceola of the Seminoles
The United States fought a long
war with the Seminoles. At a
cost of 50 million dollars and over
2000 soldiers lives.
The U.S. government tricked
Osceola and his men into meeting
and signing a peace treaty. The
army arrested them and Osceola
died in prison.

The Seminole people - men, women,
and children, were hunted with
bloodhounds, rounded up like cattle,
and forced onto ships that carried
them to New Orleans and up the
Mississippi. Together with several
hundred of the African ex-slaves who
had fought with them, they were then
sent overland to Fort Gibson
(Arkansas), and on to strange and
inhospitable new lands where they
were attacked by other tribes, in a
fierce competition for the scarce
resources that they all needed to
survive.
Section 3
Conflicts Over States’ Rights
Objectives
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Section Three
p. 363-367
T.S.W.
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Identify the issues that led to rising sectional
differences
Explain how the “Tariff of Abominations” led
to a crisis over nullification
Analyze the issues in the debate over states’
rights
Describe how South Carolina’s threat to
secede was resolved
Sectional Differences
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Three main sections of the country.
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Northeast
South
West
Three major issues
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Sale of public lands
Internal improvements
Tariffs
Refer back to Ch. 11Sectional Notes
Tariff of Abominations
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1828-Congress under John Quincy Adams
passed a bill to raise tariffs on raw
materials and manufactured goods.

Southerner’s are angry
Sell their cotton at low prices to be competitive.
 High tariffs made them pay high prices for
manufactured goods.
 Northern interests were setting Federal policy!
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Tariff of Abominations
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Nickname Southerner’s gave the Tariff.
Abomination
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
an action that is vicious or vile; an action
that arouses disgust or abhorence; "his
treatment of the children is an
abomination"
hate coupled with disgust
Crisis of Nullification
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Nullify means to ignore, make void or
invalidate.
South Carolina
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Economy in a slump
Threatened to leave the United States over
tariffs.
John C. Calhoun
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Looking for a way to keep South Carolina in the
Union and help the farmers proposes….
Nullify
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To make null; invalidate
To counteract the force or effectiveness of
declare invalid
Doctrine of Nullification-1828
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John C. Calhoun
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“A state had the right to
nullify, or reject, a federal
law that it considers
unconstitutional.”
Remember Thomas
Jefferson and James
Madison developed the
Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions in 1799.
States’ Rights Debate
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Webster-Hayne Debate
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U.S. Senate-1830
Daniel Webster (Massachusetts)
Argued that it was the people not
the states that made up the Union
 "Liberty and Union, now and for
ever, one and inseparable!"

States’ Rights Debate

Robert Y. Hayne

U.S. Senator- South Carolina
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The very life of our system is the
independence of the states. The
influence of the government over
the states must be checked -especially its ability to distribute
favors - which will spread
"corruption [and] an abject spirit of
dependence ... to produce jealousy
among the [parts] of the union, and
... sap the very foundation of the
government."
South Carolina threatens to Secede
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Jackson asked the Congress to reduce
the tariff, they did in 1832.
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Southerners thought they were still to high.
South Carolina nullified the tariffs and voted
to build its own army. 
South Carolina also threatened to sucession,
or withdrawal from the Union (U.S.A.) if the
federal government tried to collect tariffs.
Secede

To withdraw formally from membership in an
organization, association, or alliance.
South Carolina threatens to Secede

President Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation
after reinforcing the federal forts located near the
harbor in Charleston, warning the people of South
Carolina that no state can secede from the union.

"If one drop of blood be shed there in
defiance of the laws of the United States, I
will hang the first man of them I can get my
hands on to the first tree I can find."
Andrew Jackson, 1832
Force Bill
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The first force bill, passed in response to South
Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification,
empowered President Jackson to use the army
and navy, if necessary, to enforce the laws of
Congress, specifically the tariff measures to
which South Carolina had objected so violently.
Passed early in 1833
South Carolina, nullified it in March of 1833.
Antebellum southerners would never try to nullify
another law, although the nullification controversy
would reecho in the George Wallace-led
"interpositions" of southern states against federal
desegregation edicts in the 1960s. Instead, in the preCivil War years, most southerners worked within the
two-party system to shore up slavery and states' rights.
For many years, southern two-party politicians
succeeded in this enterprise. In 1860, when Abraham
Lincoln's election marked their temporary failure,
southerners would turn Thomas Jefferson's threats of
secession into reality—and thus move the last states'
right step beyond Calhoun's step past Jefferson.
John Adams- Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 (Laws) led to Thomas
Jefferson and James Madison writing the first doctrine to nullify
laws of the federal government. It was called The Kentucky and
Virginia Resolutions, 1798 & 1799.
John C. Calhoun wrote the Doctrine of Nullification, 1828. The
doctrine used the ideas from The Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions. The theory stated that “states” had rights that the
federal government could not could not violate. Jefferson proposed
that a state could nullify federal laws. South Carolina takes this one
step further and threatens succession.
South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the Union on
December 20, 1860.
“The Common Man”
“Indian Hater”
“Jackass”
“Preserver of the Union”
“King Andrew”
Section 4
Prosperity and Panic
Objectives

Section Four
p. 368-371
T.S.W.
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Explain why conflict erupted over the Second
National Bank
Describe how Jackson destroyed the bank
Analyze how economic prosperity turned into
depression
Explain how the Whig Party won the election
of 1840
Second Bank of the United States
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Most powerful bank in
the country
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Issued money
Held government funds
(money)
Nicholas Biddle
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President of the Bank
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Set policies of the bank.
President Jackson Disliked the Bank
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Reasons he disliked the bank.
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Distrusts banks
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Lost money in financial deals
Too much power
Made loans to members of Congress
Biddle boasted the he could influence
Congress
Favored the wealthy and hurt the common
man.
Bank Charters

To operate the bank must have
permission from the federal government.

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This permission is called a charter or grant.
1832
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Biddle asked Congress to renew the charter,
even though the current charter would not
expire until 1836,
1832 was an election year!

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Biddle thought Jackson would agree to it because
of the election.
Given what you know about Jackson, what
do you think he is going to do?
Congress says “Yes”, Jackson ??

President Jackson uses his power of veto
to not renew the charter.

Jackson said, “ …the bank was a monopoly
that favored the few at the expense of the
many.”
“Every monopoly and all exclusive privileges are granted at the
expense of the public, which ought to receive a fair equivalent.”
Presidential Campaign of 1832

The bank became the main issue of the
campaign.
Henry Clay and the National
Republican Party
Jackson and the “Bank War”

In his second term, Jackson set out to destroy
the bank before its charter ended it in1836.

Had government funds deposited in state banks.
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Biddle fought back by making it harder for people to
borrow money.
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Opponents called them “pet banks”
Hope to cause “economic troubles” in the nation.
This would force Jackson to return the money.
The people backed Jackson…..he won the bank war,
but with a high cost to the U.S.
Prosperity Becomes Panic

Jackson’s last years in office

Easy to borrow money
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Loans to buy land
The Economy BOOMED!
“Pet Banks” issued too much paper money.
Inflation

Too much paper money

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Dollars became worthless
Inflation: increase in prices with a
decrease in the value of money.
To combat inflation-Jackson ordered that
all public lands be paid for in gold or silver.
Assassination attempt on Andrew
Jackson, 1835
The deranged Lawrence
believed Jackson had
conspired to keep him
poor and out of work.
Jackson was convinced
that Lawrence was hired
by his political enemies,
the Whigs, to stop his
plan to destroy the Bank
of the United States.
Lawrence spent the rest
of his life in jails and
asylums.
Political Cartoon

The anti-Jackson Whigs
perpetuated a negative
stereotype of Jackson as
a
____________________
____________________
___________, shown in
this 1832 cartoon.
Jackson's fight to destroy the Bank of
the United States and his removal of
the Treasury secretary led to the
Senate's censure of Jackson for abuse
of presidential power. Jackson argued
that the president, as the only
representative of all the people, should
rule supreme. Congress did not agree.
At the heart of the debate (led by Clay,
among others) was the struggle
between the executive branch and the
This 1834 lithograph by
legislature over which branch should
David Claypool Johnson
dominate the government. That
shows Kentucky senator
struggle continues today, whichever
Henry Clay sewing
political party is in office. Courtesy of
President Andrew Jackson's Library of Congress
mouth shut.
Martin Van Buren -Elected

“Rode the coat tails of
Jackson’s presidency”

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Jackson’s vicepresident
1836-Economic Panic
becomes wide
spread.
Panic of 1837

Panic
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People took their dollar bills to
the banks and demanded gold
or silver.
Banks ran out of gold and silver.
When the government asked for
its money, the banks defaulted,
went out of business.
Depression

Severe economic slump.
Satirical cartoon blaming the Democratic Party for the Panic of
1837 and subsequent depression, c. 1837.
Whig Party

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
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster declared
that the government needed to help the
economy.
They argued with Martin Van Buren about
the role of government interference in the
economy.
The election of 1840 was fast approaching
and the people blamed Van Buren for the
Panic of 1837 and the depression that
followed.
The American Whig Party
(roughly from 1834-1856)


The Whig Party was for most of
its history concerned with
promoting internal improvements,
such as roads, canals, and
railroads. This was of interest to many
Westerners in this period, isolated as they
were and in need of markets.
The Whig Party was named for the British
party that opposed royal power. The Whigs
in America opposed Andrew Jackson and
the strong executive he created.
The American Whig Party
William Henry Harrison of Ohio and John
Tyler of Virginia ran on the Whig ticket of
1840.
Harrison had a good military record
and weak political views.
“Tippecanoe and Tyler too”
They won! Harrison died one month
after taking office-the first president to
die in office.
Questions
Answer one of the below questions with three paragraphs
(introduction with thesis, support, conclusion)

1. America in the 1830s is often referred to as an age of mass
democracy. Why?

2. Make your best case for property qualifications for voters?

3. What about other qualifications such as age, literacy, citizenship and
residency?

4. In a democracy where all males can vote, policies and programs
respond to the will of the majority. This raises questions about the
rights of a minority. With regard to the nullification crisis and the Indian
removal issue, what rights should a minority enjoy in a democracy?