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OPERATING SYSTEMS
Part B'
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
Contents
What is linux?
Get ready
Installation
Basic commands
Applications
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
What is Linux?
 History
 Overview
 Licence / Cost
 Distributions
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
What is Linux?
History
1960 Need for something new
1968 Multics O.S.
1970 Unix based on Multics
1973 Unix based on C
1975 BSD (Berkeley)
The creator of Linux
Linus Torvalds
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
1980 MSUnix - Xenix
1983 System 3 (Now System V)
1991 Linux based on Minix
What is Linux?
Overview
 Linux can be divided into four major components:
Kernel
 Kernel is the core program that runs programs and manages hardware
devices such as disks and printers.
Shell
 Provides an interface for the user. It receives commands to the kernel for
execution.
File Structure
 Organizes the way files are stored on a storage device such as a disk.
Utilities
 Are specialized programs, such as editors, compilers, that perform standard
computing operations.
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
What is Linux?
Overview - Kernel
The kernel is the heart of the entire operating
system. All the various threads are brought
together in the kernel:
memory allocation, managing the
process`tables, the administrations of
multitasking and multiuser capabilities,
management of access to the file systems,
of drivers for access to specific hardware,
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These features stand for modules.
Theodoros
Chrysafis CS
Department
Academic Year:
2000 - 2001
What is Linux?
Overview - Shell
The shell provides an interface between the kernel
and the user. It can be described as an interpreter. It
interprets commands entered by the user and sends
them to the kernel.
There are two cateories of Shells:
Command Line
Grafical User Interface (GUI) - GUI's have many
window managers (fvwm, olwm, etc)
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Shells are:
Theodoros
Bourne Shell (by Bell)
Chrysafis CS
Department
C-Shell (by BSD)
Academic Year:
Korn Shell an enchanchement of Bourne 2000 - 2001
What is Linux?
Overview - File Structure
Directories are organized into a hierarchical
tree structure, beginning with an initial root
directory. All other directories are derived
from this root directory.
Linux file system is one large interconnected
set of directories, each containing files. Also
with Linux user can set permissions on
directories and files.
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
What is Linux?
Overview - Utilities
 Linux contains a great number of utilities. They
can be devided in three general categories:
Editors (Vi, Emacs)
Filters: Read -> Examine -> Output Data
(awk)
Communication Programs (talk, telnet, ftp)
There are also many other utilities some
perform file operations and other program
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management.
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
What is Linux?
Licence / Cost
Unlike the official Unix operating system, Linux is distributed
freely under GNU General Public Licence (GPL) as specified
by the Free Software Foundation. Linux is copyrighted and it
is not public domain. However, a GNU Public Licence has much
the same effect as being in the public domain. The licence is
designed to ensure that Linux remains free, and at the same
time standardised. There is only one official Linux.
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
What is Linux?
Distributions
Although there is only one standard version of
Linux there are actually several different releases.
Some popular releases are:
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http://www.caldera.com
http://www.redhat.com
Theodoros Chrysafis
CS Department
Academic Year: 2000
- 2001
http://www.mandrake.com
http://www.suse.com
http://www.debian.com
Get Ready
Hardware / Software
 Hardware Requirements
Intel 80386, 80486, Pentium Family or
compatible
Floppy Disk and / or Cd-Rom
More than 8 Mb Ram
At least 300 Mb free disk space
A video graphics card
A mouse or other pointing device
 Software Requirements
AcademiX Group City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis
CS Department
Academic Year: 2000
- 2001
An operating system to create the installation
disks
Installation
Backup important files
Installation Disks or CD-Rom
Installation program
LILO
Kernel Configuration
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
Installation
Disks / CD-ROM - Installation Program
After making the appropriate partitions in our hard
disk(s) we run the command rawrite(3) or equivalent
command, which writes the disk image to a floppy
disk. We do the same procedure for modules.img
file. Reboot with the image disk or boot from a CDROM.
We have to know the settings of our computer
(serial irq - addresses, card I/O, etc.)
AcademiX Group  boot: (enter)
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Theodoros
 login: root (enter)
Chrysafis CS
 setup (enter) folow instructions.
Department
Academic Year:
2000 - 2001
Installation
LILO
 LILO stands for Linux Loader. Usually
installation program install it at the first
installation (Boot Manager).
 Changes the MBR of the hard disk to allow
user to boot with different O.S's. For further
configurations /etc/lilo.conf or /sbin/liloconfig
file. Run lilo to load them.
To uninstall: fdisk /mbr
fdisk from Dos to activate a partition to boot.
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
Installation
Kernel Configuration
cd /usr/src/linux/
make config or make menuconfig or make
xconfig (follow carefully the instrunctions)
make dep (Set dependencies)
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make clean
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
make zImage or
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
make zImage 2>&1 | tee kernel.out
(to write the complilation in kernel.out
file)
or make bzImage for big kernels
make modules (Compile Modules)
make modules_install (Install Modules)
Installation
Kernel Configuration
(Continued)
The new kernel exists in
usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/ as zImage or
vmlinux.out file.
We copy it to / (root) or /boot depending on
the system as vmlinuz. Carefull to rename
the already existing to vmlinuz.old. To avoid
any supprises make a boot disk with
make zdisk command.
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
Basic Commands
Linux vs
cd /
ls
more
less
cp
file
mkdir
rmdir
Dos
cd \
dir
more
copy
md
rd
Linux vs
mv
rm
man
info
touch
find
grep
tee
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
Dos
move
delete
/help
help
copy con
dir/s
>
Basic Commands
(Continued)
Linux vs Dos
who
du
dir
whoami whereis whatis
echo
echo
Linux vs
free
which
dir
date
df
AcademiX Group - City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis CS Department
Academic Year: 2000 - 2001
Dos
mem
dir
date
dir
Applications
StarOffice: Office Suite Application
AcademiX Group City Liberal Studies
Theodoros
Chrysafis CS
Department
Academic Year:
2000 - 2001
Applications
Various Application (Web Development,
Programming Development, Multimedia, Games)
AcademiX Group City Liberal Studies
Theodoros Chrysafis
CS Department
Academic Year: 2000
- 2001
Applications
Web Applications, Helpful Programs
AcademiX Group City Liberal Studies
Theodoros
Chrysafis CS
Department
Academic Year:
2000 - 2001
Applications
Windows within Window
AcademiX Group City Liberal Studies
Theodoros
Chrysafis CS
Department
Academic Year:
2000 - 2001