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The New Millennium Agricultural Revolution Economic Expansion Church Reform Politics in Europe Revolution in Agriculture By the end of the 13th the technical level of medieval agriculture had far surpassed the ancients and the surplus allowed some peasants to engage in other work The heavy plow (8th from the east through the Slavs) The horse collar (9th from the east) and horse shoes (9thfrom Celts??) )allowed horses to be used- efficient Water mills and wind mills for grinding grain (12th Europe) Three field system (only 1/3 of land fallow) Cultivation of virgin lands Leads to tenant farming By 1350 serfdom of peasants in France fell from 90% (1050) to only 10% A Commercial Revolution Italians and Jews had kept trade alive throughout the early middle ages By the 11th century sea forces of Italian trading cities cleared Muslim fleets from the Mediterranean Venice, Amalfi, Genoa, and Pisa grew into commercial capitols Expanding population in the North created a huge market for Italian merchants to supply A class of traders emerges Italy becomes the hub between the East and West Medieval Trade European Economy International Fairs Lasted 3-6 weeks and lords protected merchants New banking practices, credit, venture capital, corporations and insurance would develop in Italy and spread north Fairs aided the rebirth of Northern towns Medieval Italy Rebirth of Towns Town began emerging in the 11th century and by the 12th they were active centers of commerce and intellect Surplus agriculture could support urbanization They emerged in places conducive to trade, outside fortified castles, monasteries, and surviving Roman sites Cities were crowded and walled Guilds were developed to protect the interests of the trades Organization Because many towns were on land that belonged to lords or old Roman towns that belonged to bishops, these communities were first under feudal authority Townspeople (burghers) began obtaining charters to break from the feudal system and set up assemblies Towns became the first self-governed city-states since Greco-Roman days They also revived other old traditions like civic involvement and city feasts The Rise of States Feudalism fostered local regionalism and the church’s dream of a Respublica Christiana almost came to fruition But Europe would never again possess the same kind of spiritual unity Gradually people began to transfer their loyalty away from the Church or local lords to the king