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Social Classes in World History Several important social classes in history Medieval Europe 500 AD to 1500AD Social Classes • Medieval Europe (the Middle Ages) had a social class based called “Feudalism” • Feudalism was the political, economic, and social interaction of upper class knights and nobles with lower class peasants and serfs, all who lived on manors. • Feudalism is also the political and social interaction of the upper class nobles only. Medieval Europe 500 AD to 1500AD • Medieval Europe (the Middle Ages) had a social class based called “Feudalism” • Feudalism was the political, economic, and social interaction of upper class knights and nobles with lower class peasants and serfs, all who lived on manors. • Feudalism is also the political and social interaction of the upper class nobles only. MEDIEVAL LIFE Cooperation and Mutual Obligations KING Fief and Peasants FEUDALISM: POLITICAL SYSTEM Decentralized, local government Dependent upon the relationship between members of the nobility Lord and his vassals administered justice and were the highest authority in their land Military Aid Loyalty LORDS (VASSALS TO KING) Food Protection MANORIALISM: ECONOMIC SYSTEM Agriculture the basis for wealth Lands divided up into self-sufficient manors Peasants (serfs) worked the land and paid rent In exchange for protection Shelter Barter the usual form of exchange Homage Military Service KNIGHTS (VASSALS TO LORDS) Food Protection Farm the Land PEASANTS (SERFS) Shelter Pay Rent Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. The Feudal System • Under the feudal system, the king awarded land grants or fiefs to his most important nobles and knights in return for their loyalty and contribution of soldiers for the king's armies. Feudalism: • • Hierarchical • system in which every • noble is • another noble’s vassal • (servant) • • Land was • exchanged for military service Manor: estate Noble: wealthy warrior land owner Lord: noble. head of manor Knight: nobles who were warriors Vassal: noble who serves a lord Peasants: lower class farmers Serf: peasants who bound to the land owned by the lord of the castle, they could never leave the manor they lived on; much of their income went to the lord; no chance to change your life if you were a serf; no way to work your way up; no time for theater, etc. Feudalism KINGS: • Kings at top of hierarchy • As God’s deputy on earth (“divine right of kings”), can’t question the king’s authority BARONS: • Important noblemen • Rich and powerful • Land was almost the only form of wealth; Currency money barely existed: Rank and power were determined by the amount of land you had. Feudalism LORDS (KNIGHTS): BISHOPS: • first and foremost a • Of the church lord was a knight by • Were often of equal profession: provided power to barons; had men and arms for property and wealth baron and king. • Also often raided Fief [feef]: grant of each others’ land given directly by properties. the king; in return, • Chivalry: medieval nobelmen gave the institution of king soldiers in knighthood; qualities wartime. idealized by knights— bravery, courtesy, honesty Nobles and Vassals • Nobles divided their land among the lesser nobility, who became their vassals. Many of these vassals became so powerful that the kings had difficulty controlling them. The Lord of the Manor • For safety and defense, people in the Middle Ages formed small communities around a central lord or master. Feudalism: FREEMEN: FREEMEN: Free Peasants • owned their own land independently of a lord • In early feudalism, freemen were limited to the LORDS’ APPOINTED OFFICIALS, and A FEW MERCHANTS AND CRAFTSMEN (much more in later middle ages as economy changed). Feudalism: SERFS SERFS/VILLEINS: • More than 90% of Peasants who were the population not free to leave their home. were peasants or • Lived on the lord’s slaves, according manor. to the Domesday • Peasants’ work: Book (pronounced EVERYTHING—land, animals, animals’ Dooms-day, and dung, homes, clothes, DOES mean that; BELONGED TO THE suggests it is a LORD OF THE MANOR. definitive census). • Couldn’t leave the manor property without permission The Serfs • At the lowest level of society were the serfs, also called serfs or villeins. • The lord offered his peasants protection in exchange for living and working on his land. Hard Work & High Taxes • Peasants worked hard to cultivate the land and produce the goods that the lord and his manor needed. • They were heavily taxed and were required to relinquish much of what they harvested. Bound by law and custom… • It is the custom in England, as with other countries, for the nobility to have great power over the common people, who are serfs. This means that they are bound by law and custom to plough the field of their masters, harvest the grain, gather it into barns, and thresh and winnow the grain; they must also mow and carry home the hay, cut and collect wood, and perform all manner of tasks of this kind. -- Jean Froissart, 1395 Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. How to become a Knight KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior of knights The Manor • Most people lived on a manor, which consisted of the castle (or manor house), the church, the village, and the surrounding farm land. The Medieval Manor Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work Self-Sufficiency • Each manor was largely selfsufficient, growing or producing all of the basic items needed for food, clothing, and shelter. • To meet these needs, the manor had buildings devoted to special purposes, such as: – The mill for grinding grain – The bake house for making bread – The blacksmith shop for creating metal goods. Question 6 What is the difference between feudalism and serfdom? A) Feudalism ties people to the land but serfs can move around freely. B) Feudalism is an agreement between upper class individuals and serfs, who are lower class peasants. C) Serfs are able to own land if they serve in the army but feudal lords must pay their soldiers. D) None. They are different terms for the same thing. Medieval Japan 500 AD to 1500AD Social Classes • Medieval Japan also had a social class based on “Feudalism” like Europe, but also on Chinese “Confucianism” • Feudalism was the political, economic, and social interaction of upper class knights and nobles with lower class peasants. • Confucianism was a Chinese philosophy which stressed respect for elders and for authority. It also emphasized education. The emperor reigned, but did not always rule! Feudal Society Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan: Shogun Land - Shoen Land - Shoen Protection Daimyo Samurai Peasant Loyalty Daimyo Samurai Peasant Loyalty Samurai Peasant Food Peasant Japanese Feudal Society Name Characteristics Samurai Warriors. Could carry two swords. Had power of life and death. Were also educated and did government jobs Peasants Due to Confucianism respect for farming, peasants were the second highest class. They could own land and produce food, but were not allowed to own swords. Artisans/Craftsmen Artisans had skills to make useful items, such as furniture, pottery, jewelry, bread, or any other items. They could make more money than peasants, but could not own land. Merchants Merchants were the lowest class and were hated because they seemed to cheat others. They did not make anything, only sold what others made. Japanese Feudal Society Other Vocabulary Definition Emperor Not really the leader of japan. More like a religious leader. Similar to the Pope in Europe Shogun Real military leader of japan. Like the king in Europe. Daimyo Wealthy nobles and land owners. They employed samurai Samurai Warrior knight and government workers who were employed by daimyo Shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) Unifies Japan Creates strict social class. Samurai top, but cannot own land Tries to invade Korea, but fails. Toyotomi Hideyoshi Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class! Top class: Samurai. Can carry swords but not own land Second Class: Farmers. No swords, but can own land Third Class: Artisans, made things. Bottom class: Merchants. Very low. Like modern drug dealers Full Samurai Attire Full Samurai Attire Two swords: katana (long sword) and wakisashi (short sword). Long bow: yumi Light, flexible, armor: yori Helmet: kabuto Samurai Sword Early Mounted Samurai Warriors: mainly archers. Mongols anyone? Samurai Charging with Yari (spear with sword head) Seppuku: Ritual Suicide if a samurai lost honor or was disloyal It is honorable to die this way. Kaishaku – his “seconds” Feudalism in Europe A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. European Feudalism: King Land - Fief Lord Land - Fief Protection Knight Peasant Loyalty Lord Knight Peasant Loyalty Knight Peasant Food Peasant Medieval Warriors vs Japanese Samurai European knight Medieval Warriors vs. Samurai Armor Knight’s Armor Hiroshima Castle Japanese Peasants Japanese Village and Rice Paddies Japans Native Religion: Shinto Shinto (神道) is the indigenous religion of Japan. It is a set of practices to establish a connection between the living and spirits (kami) which inhabit everything. Japanese emperors were the head of Shinto (like the Pope in Western Europe) and they performed the most important Shinto rituals. Amaterasu Shinto Shinto Priests and archery Japanese borrowed Religion: Zen Buddhis A Japanese variation of Buddhism, which came from India through China. It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline. Zen Buddhism Seeks sudden enlightenment through meditation, arriving at emptiness . Samurai followed Zen because it required intense concentration, just like warfare did. Beauty, art, and aesthetics: Gardens. Archery. Tea ceremony. Calligraphy. Zen Buddhism Intense concentration doing activities in a precise manner can trigger sudden enlightenment.