Download California State Test - Fresno Unified School District

California State Test
Grade 7
• Lasting Achievements
– Government- Republic and
checks and balances
– Strength of army style
– paved roads
– money system
– citizenship
– Aqueducts
End of the
Roman Empire
Rome continues . . .
• Fall of Rome
– Loyalty; huge land empire
– Too big to control- so it split in two East and West
– Emperor Constantine moves the Capital to
Constantinople, Turkey (East)
– Corruption
– Disease
– starvation
– Western Rome falls to invading barbarians
• Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire continues)
– Roman Culture continues and combines with Greek
culture
– Emperor Justinian creates laws called Justinian’s Code
– Built the church Hagia Sophia
Islam
• Geography: Middle East (desert) Arabia
• Economics: Trading caravans
(merchants) between Europe and Asia
along the Silk Road
• Government: Empire – Shah (leader)
Islam Continued . .
.
• Religion: Islam
– monotheistic (one god) (Muhammad is prophet)
– Islam began in Arabia and Spread all over the
Mediterranean World and Middle East
– 2 sects – Shiia and Sunni
– Holy book: Koran and the 5 pillars of Islam
• Social Structure: Nobility, scholars,
merchants, poor
• Achievements – Algebra, Calligraphy
• Geography: Eastern Asia
• Government:
– “Period of Disunion” created
stable dynasties
– Government Officials had to take
a Civil Service Exam
– Tang and Song Dynasties were
the most prosperous
• Many inventions
– Yuan – Mongols took over china,
expanded trade by reopening the
Silk Road
– Ming- Explored world then
decided to isolate China
China
China cont. . . .
• Economy:
– Trade – inventions:
• wood block printing, silk, paper, paper money, compass, gun powder
• ***all were brought to Europe along Silk Road or Sea Trade
by Arab Caravan traders
– Terraced farming: rice
• Religion:
– Buddhism - Enlightenment
– Confucianism – Proper Behavior
– Daoism – Yin and Yang, be one with nature
• Social Structure: Nobility, government officials, inventors,
farmers, poor
Ghana & Mali
• Geography: West Africa
an Sahara Desert
• Government: Empires
• Economy: Salt and gold
trade; farming, human
slaves
• Religion: Animism (Folk
religions); Islam (Muslims)
• Society:
– Centered on village and
family
– oral history
– no written language
• Geography: Islands off of Asia
• Government: Monarchy
(emperor)
• Economy: Feudal Landowning;
trade
• Religion: Confucianism;
Buddhism
• Social Structure: Emperor
(figurehead- no real power),
Shogun (real leader), Daimyo,
samurai, peasants
• Military society
– Samurai Warrior
– Bushido code: a code of conduct
that Samurai followed
Japan
The Middle
Ages - Europe
• Geography: Europe
• Government:
– Hierarchy (top to bottom)/
– Feudalism- people tied to the
land and those they pledged to
serve
– Ruled by Kings advised by
Church officials
– Manor system (people tied to
landlords)
• Economy: Taxes to Church
and government and manor
landlord
Middle Ages Continued . .
.
• Religion: Christianity (Catholic
Church) (monotheistic)
– Church shaped all society: art
education, influenced kings
– Missionaries were sent to spread
Christianity
• Social Structure: Feudalism –
King, Nobles, Knights,
Peasants, Serfs
– Knights follow a code called
Chivalry
• Crusades
Middle Ages Continued .
– Holy Wars in Palestine (middle east)
– Fighting Muslims for control of the city of Jerusalem
– Crusaders brought back new knowledge and goods
• Late Middle Ages
– Conflicts between Popes and Kings over power
– Feudal system began to fall apart
– In 1215 England forced their king to sign the
“Magna Carta” created a parliament to help king
rule
– 1340s Black Death killed 1/3 population- Manor
system fell apart
– Begin to doubt the Church and Renewed
interest in Art
• Renaissance means rebirth of
Renaissance interest of Roman and Greek
“rebirth of Roman and Learning and Art
Greek Learning and • Humanism - found
Greek/Roman writings
Art”
Followed the Middle Ages • Trade increased between
Europe and China (Marco
Polo)
– Made new maps = Cartorgraphy
• Renaissance begins in –
Florence, Italy then spread all
over Europe
• New Art Ideas
– Realistic
– Proportion
Renaissance
Continued
• Artists
– Da Vinci (“Mona Lisa” and “Last Super”)
– Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel Ceiling)
• Inventors
– Guttenburg (Printing press)
• Writers
– Shakespeare (English poet and playwright)
– Miguel Cervantes- Spanish writer created first comedy fiction
novel
– Dante- Italian Poet
• Happened throughout Europe, people became
unhappy with the Catholic Church
Reformation
Protestant Reformation
• Break from the Catholic Church, felt the
Catholic Church was corrupt
Protestant Leaders
• Martin Luther -German monk who wanted
to reform Church (Lutheren Church)
• John Calvin -Swiss reformer; wanted to
bring Church back to basics (Calvinist
Church)
• 1) Luther’s “95 Theses” (reasons) to reform
Church
• 2) Split - Catholic and Protestant
• Protestant Churches governed themselves,
did not have a Pope in charge
Reformation Continued . . .
Counter Reformation
• The Catholic Church fights back against heretics
(people against the Catholic Church)
• Council of Trent helped reform the Catholic Church
• Spanish Inquisition
– Spain sends priests after heretics, Muslims and
Jews
– All were made to leave Spain or convert to
Catholicism
• Missionaries were sent to the New World to convert
people to Catholicism
Scientific Revolution
• Focus on Science and the World instead of
Religion
Scientists & Discoveries:
• Galileo & Nicolaus Copernicus
– Sun center of solar system -
• Frances Bacon & Rene Descartes
– Scientific method of observation and
experimentation
• Sir Isaac Newton
– Laws of gravity and motion
Scientific
Revolution
Effects:
• Throws out religious based ideas
• Weakened power of kings
• Science and math schools
• People use logical thought to
help improve their lives and
gov’ts
Age of Exploration
• Improved sailing to Asia, Africa, and
Americas
• Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain – found the Bahamas
and Cuba
• Columbian Exchange- The Exchange of plants, animals, and
ideas b/t the old and new world
• Set up colonies in the New World (Americas)
– Spanish- Central America/South America
– English-East Coast of US and Canada
– France-Central US and Canada
– Portugal-Brazil
Age Of Reason
• A time when new ideas were forming about citizenship and self
government
• Enlightenment- led to people want to form their own
governments and economies
• Enlightenment thinking was based on: Logic thought to improve
society, politics from Greek/Roman, Christian, Renaissance,
scientific thought
• Great Philosophers
– John Locke- Social contract- Idea that the gov’t protects
people,
– Montesquieu- Gov’t powers are separate
•Effects/Influence:
• Influenced the development of
democratic ideas
Ancient Americas
• 3 Civilizations: Maya, Aztec, Inca
1. Maya
• Geography: Central America on the
Yucatan Peninsula
• Religion
– Pyramids
– Calendar
• Economy: trade - rubber, cotton,
chocolate, obsidian, jade
• Achievements: Science and Math
• Social Structure: Kings, Priests,
Merchants, Farmers, Peasants
America’s Continued . . .
2. Aztec
• Geography: Central America - Mexico
• Government: Capital city Tenochticlan
built in the middle of a lake Texcoco
• Warrior Society
• Religion: human sacrifice
• Social Structure: Kings, Priests,
Merchants, Farmers, Peasants, slaves
• Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortez
invaded Aztecs led by King Montezuma
3. Inca
• Geography: South America -Andes Mountains
• Economy:
• Mita - System of work taxes
• Government controlled all trade
• Built roads and bridges to get around the mountains
• Communication:
• network of communication along the mountain
chain (llamas) with an
• Quechua is the official spoken language but no
written language
• Social Structure: Kings, Priests, Merchants, Farmers,
Peasants
• Incas were conquered by the Spanish Conquistador
Pizzaro