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The Middle Ages A.D. 500 Today’s Aim: To understand the geography of Europe and identify how new kingdoms emerged. The Geography of Europe • The second smallest continent • Connects with Asia to create world’s largest landmass-called Eurasia • Ural and Caucasus Mts. Are considered to be the border between Europe and Asia The Geography of Europe • Europe is shaped like a peninsula and has many islands and peninsulas • It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea, and the Baltic Sea The Geography of Europe • Climate is temperate, or mild, because of the winds that blow over the ocean • Good farmland • Relied heavily on trade and fishing • Europe has many long, navigable rivers • The seas and rivers provided safety as well as opportunities for trade and for different cultures to develop Who was Charlemagne? • Son of Pepin, king of the Franks • Became king after Pepin’s death • Helped the pope against the Lombards (Germanic group). • Charlemagne also helped the pope against the Lombards. • Wherever he conquered, spread Christianity • In A.D. 800, Charles's kingdom grew into an empire and he earned the name Charlemagne or “Charles the Great.” Charlemagne • On Christmas day in A.D. 800, the pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne and declared him the new Roman emperor • He made Aachen the capital of his empire • Supporter of education • Asked a scholar named Alcuin to start a school in his court and trained children of government officials religion, Latin, music, literature & arithmetic Feudalism Kings & Queens Under feudalism, each level of society had duties to the groups above and below it. Lords & Ladies Knights Peasants & Serfs Feudalism • Feudalism developed in Europe in the Middle Ages. Its was based on landowning, loyalty, and the power of armored knights on horseback. • Landowning nobles governed and protected the people in return for services, such as fighting in a noble’s army or farming the land. • By A.D. 1000, the kingdoms of Europe were divided into thousands of feudal territories. • At the center of each, was a noble’s castle, fortress. The Role of a Vassal • Feudalism was based on ties of loyalty and duty among the nobles. • Nobles were both lords and vassals. • A vassal was a noble who served a lord of higher rank. In return, the lord protected the vassal. • A vassal showed his loyalty by serving in his lord’s army. • In return, a lord granted his vassal land and permission to rule the people who lived on it. This grant to a vassal was known as a fief. What was the Manorial System • The lands of the fiefs were called manors • The lords ruled the manor • Peasants worked the land (some were freemen who paid a noble for the right to farm the land) • Most peasants were serfs who could not leave the manor, own property, or marry without the lord’s approval. Stages of Knighthood Ages 7-13 Chivalry Learn manners & etiquette Squire Ages 14-20 Learn archery & horsemanship Help knights Sleep beside with daily chores knight (care for weapons) Knight Ages 21 + Night before must reflect in church Ceremonial bath Page Learn how to read and write Fights to protect manor Vassals greatest honor Serfs • They were not enslaved • Lords had the right to protect serfs • Serfs worked long hours • Gained freedom if they ran away to towns and remained there for over a year. • Later in the Middle Ages, serfs could buy their freedom. Improving Farming • Wheeled plow with iron blade • Horse collar to pull plow • Windmills were used for grinding grain, pumping water, and cutting wood. • Result- more food = increased population Increase Trade • By 1100, feudalism had made Europe safer, and new technology enabled people to produce more food and goods. • Nobles repaired bridges , roads, and arrested bandits. As a result, trade resumed in Europe. • Increased trade led to the growth of towns and cities and the rise of guilds and city governments. • Trade encouraged manufacturing. People produced cloth, metal work, shoes, and other goods. • Craftspeople organized guilds, or business groups(set standard for quality in products). England in the Middle Ages • England developed a system in which the king;s power was shared with Parliament. • William the Conqueror, First Norman King , had a strong organized rule over England. • He blended Norman and English cultures. Too Much Power by the Kings • After William the Conqueror’s rule, Henry II became king and increased his power. • He used the law courts to increase his power. • Henry’s son, King John took over after his death. • King John raised taxes in England and punished enemies without trials. • Many nobles resented the king’s power. The Magna Carta • In 1215 a group of lords took action to limit the king’s power. • They wrote a legal charter, or document, which stated that they had certain rights, such as the right to a fair trial. • With the support of their knights, the lords forced the king to sign the Magna Carta. The Crusades • During this age of faith, holy wars, known as the Crusades took place. • Crusaders often passed through Italian port cities on their way to the Holy Land. • Trade increased • By the end of the Crusades in 1291, Europe was changing in many ways. End of the Middle Ages • In 1348 a plagues truck western Europe • A plague is a terrible disease that spreads quickly. • This plague was caused by a bacteria spread by rats and fleas. • This plague was known as the Black Death and wiped out nearly 1/3 of the western European population 2/3 of people in Siena, Italy). Brain pop The Renaissance • Out of the misery of the Black Death came new ideas that stirred Europe. • Starting around 1350 enthusiasm of art, literature, and trade increased throughout northern Italy (Florence). • This was the beginning of a period called the Renaissance, or “rebirth.” • There was a powerful, new interest in humanism as opposed to interests toward “the next world.” Lorenzo Medici • One of the wealthiest families in Florence was the Medici family who gained great wealth through banking and trading. • The most famous member of the family was Lorenzo Medici, later known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent.” He was a patron, or supporter, of the arts and paid artists to pursue their work in Florence. Petrarch • Italian humanist who studied classic works of literature from ancient Greece, Rome, & Arabia. • Became the most celebrated poet in Europe. • He loved learning and he read every book he could find. Michelangelo • Used many classical ideas-such as balance and form-in his paintings, sculptures, and architecture. Works: The sculpture of The David, scenes of The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, influential architect - St. Peter’s Basilica Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Leonardo da Vinci The Renaissance Man • Humanist, painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, scientist, engineer, musician • As a child, Leonardo showed great ability in drawing. • His father took him to the greatest painter in Florence for teaching….Leonardo painted with such skill, that his teacher put down his paintbrushes and never picked them up again. • Kept hundreds of notebooks with his ideas and always wrote backwards. • Made plans for a submarine, machine gun, parachute. • Studied carefully the flight of birds.His close observation helped him to design a flying machine. Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most famous paintings in the world. Da Vinci drew this portrait of himself. Mona Lisa Nicolaus Copernicus • Studied books of Greek and Arab astronomy. • Observed the night sky with a simple telescope and carefully recorded the positions of the stars. • In 1514, Copernicus discovered that Earth orbited around the sun, once a year. • This discovery contradicted many European leaders and Church teachings and his teachings were not accepted. • It was not until after Copernicus died that his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was published. The Reformation • In 1500 the Roman Church had become the most powerful institution in Europe. • The Pope claimed authority over Europe’s rulers. • The Pope’s power also brought great wealth to the Church. • Like the government of the Roman Empire, the Roman Church taxed the people of Europe and used some of the money to buy works of art. • Humanists such as Erasmus began to criticize the Church policy concerning indulgences. • During the Middle Ages people began to pay to be forgiven by a priest for acting against Christian teachings. Martin Luther • In Wittenberg, Germany, the sale of indulgences made a monk, Martin Luther, angry. • He felt that money should be given to the poor instead of spending it on the building of St. Peter’s, a great cathedral in Rome. • In 1517 Luther wrote 95 Theses, or statements of protest. • He placed this list on the Wittenberg Church door. Martin Luther • Martin Luther’s 95 Theses started a movement called The Reformation which brought change or reform to the Church in Rome. Johannes Gutenberg • In 1448 he built the printing press. • The printing press made writing easier, cheaper, and faster. • Printing press helped spread Luther’s criticism of the Roman Church and a translation of the Bible. Protestantism • Luther’s followers became known as Protestants. • Thought convents and monasteries were unnecessary. • Thought church decorations and services should be simpler. King Henry VIII • Brought religious change to England. • Built a strong monarchy. • At first he supported the Roman Church, but when the Pope did not grant him a divorce, he stopped supporting the Roman Church and began supporting the Protestant Church. Queen Elizabeth I • King Henry VIII ‘s daughter • One of the most popular monarchs in England. • Renaissance arrived in England during her rule. • Religious conflicts settled/cooled. • She enjoyed poetry and plays and supported the work of playwright William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare Queen Elizabeth • During her rule, Spain wanted to gain control over Atlantic trade routes and wanted England to support Catholicism again. • Spain sent an armada of 130 warships to attack England. • After 9 days, England defeated Spain with only 90 ships. • As a result, England became one of the greatest naval powers in the world.