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The High Middle Ages (ca. 900-1200) Society and Economy The Social Orders Oratores Bellatores Laboratores (SERFS) Society and Economy Personal Dependency Lords and Vassals VASSALS served lords Lords provided land Lords and peasants Peasants worked, paid dues Status was hereditary Lords provided necessities Reeve, and serfs at work Economy and Society Agricultural Innovations Three-field system Iron plowshare Horses Results Better standard of living Population doubled Economy and Society Society and Economy The Guilds Formed by urban merchants and artisans Nature of guilds *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations Also social, spiritual Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices Society and Economy Engaging in the Economy CREDIT Loans USURY Economy and Society Economy and Society Medieval Trade Routes Economy and Society Trade in the Far East Mongol Empire encouraged trade Marco Polo (1254-1324) Court of Kubilai Khan Venetian merchant Present at court of Kublai Khan The Description of the World (ca. 1298) Economy and Society Questions? The Emerging Western States: England England (9th-10th cents.) Small kingdoms Viking raids (9th cent.) occupation KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r. 871-899) Raised army (878), defeated Vikings First king of all English King Alfred the Great The Emerging Western States: England Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great Winchester, United Kingdom The Emerging Western States: England The Norman Conquest Edward the Confessor (r. 1042-1066) died childless Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy The Norman Conquest The Bayeux Tapestry (ca. 1070-80) William and Normans invaded England Victorious at BATTLE OF HASTINGS (1066) The Emerging Western States: England William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1089) First Norman king of England Distributed lands among family, Norman barons “Domesday Book” (1086): census, inventory The Emerging Western States: England 2010 The Emerging Western States: England Magna Carta (1215) Origins: King John’s conflict with France The document Defined rights, obligations of nobility King John forced to sign Major point: king is not above law! The Emerging Western States: France The Emerging Western States: Germany Holy Roman Empire Many principalities, under an emperor Princes governed independent states Emperors Claimed highest authority Had to respect princes’ rights A decentralized monarchy The Emerging Western States: Spain Christian Spain Muslim power weakened Christian princes seized opportunity RECONQUISTA Christian reconquest of Islamic Spain Result: Christian Iberian states emerging The Emerging Western States: Spain Questions? The Church and Christianity The Church and Christianity The “Papal Monarchy” Papal States The Curia Papal Tiara (“Triregnum”) Papal Court, Rome COLLEGE OF CARDINALS EXCOMMUNICATION The Church and Christianity The Great Schism (1054) Eastern and Western Churches at odds Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) Greek and Latin Churches excommunicated each other The Church and Christianity The Investiture Conflict (1075-1076) Pope Gregory VII prohibited lay investiture Emperor Henry IV opposed him, appointed new archbishop Gregory’s response Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office Released HRE from allegiance to emperor! Henry submitted The Church and Christianity John vs. Innocent POPE INNOCENT III (r. 1198-1216) Clashed with King John over new archbishop of Canterbury Innocent excommunicated John John submitted Innocent III The Church and Christianity The Church and Christianity The Crusades Origins First Crusade (1095-99) Siege of Antioch Turks were threatening Byzantium Emperor petitioned pope for aid Council of Clermont (1095) Force of 50-60,000 Holy Land “Pilgrimage” Victory Crusader States The Church and Christianity Other Crusades Because Christians lost ground in Holy Land Third Crusade (1189-92) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Another crusade failure Crusades over by 1300 Saladin The Church and Christianity The Franciscans Francis of Assisi (ca. 1182-1226) Son of cloth merchant Conversion experience poverty Franciscans (1215) Friars Poverty Preached penance Served lepers and poor Francis of Assisi The Church and Christianity Robe of Francis of Asissi, Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi The Church and Christianity The Dominicans Dominic Guzman (1170-1221) Spanish missionary Disillusioned by Church’s preaching methods Preach as seen in Gospels! Dominicans (1216) Friars Preaching on foot Teaching Intellectual Order The Church and Christianity Medieval Heresy Numerous heretical groups The Church’s response Preaching Medieval Inquisition (1231) Guide heretics to recantation, penance Variety of penalties The Church and Christianity Medieval Spirituality The Eucharist The Virgin Mary Corpus Christi Procession Sacrament of the Mass TRANSUBSTANTIATION Widespread cult Rosary The Church and Christianity Questions? Culture and Society The University Organization of master and students Specialization Students Clerical status Grouped into “nations” More intimate groups students live in Provided protection, connection, legislation Culture and Society Classroom Setting Lectures considered best method of teaching Books very expensive! Master’s role Read excerpt of text Commentary Refute objections Students’ role: commit it all to memory! Culture and Society Scholasticism From rediscovery of Aristotle Scholastics Used logic to explain knowledge Faith and reason are harmonious! THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-74) Dominican Summa Theologica Culture and Society Vernacular Literature Latin: language of Church, academia VERNACULAR Vernacular literature Dante Alighieri Chanson de Roland (12th cent.) Beowulf (ca. 1000) The Divine Comedy (1313-21) Culture and Society Romanesque Architecture Massive stone churches Sculpture on exterior Round arches “Leaning Tower,” Pisa (1053-1272) Culture and Society St. Sernin de Toulouse (1070-1120), France Exterior Culture and Society St. Sernin de Toulouse, Interior Culture and Society Gothic Architecture Chartres Cathedral (1145-1220), France Pointed arches Stained-glass windows Flying buttresses Culture and Society Chartres Cathedral Interior Stained-Glass Window, Chartres Cathedral Culture and Society Women during the High Middle Ages Still a man’s world! Rulers were mostly male Women excluded from universities Guilds run by men Significant roles for women? Noblewomen Convents Culture and Society Female Rulers Women were lords, vassals Owned property Had vassals War, politics ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE (1122-1204) French landowner Wife and mother of kings Patroness of troubadours Eleanor of Aquitaine Culture and Society Eleanor of Aquitaine in Robin Hood (2010) Culture and Society Women and the Church Only role: convent Clare of Assisi (1194-1253) Clare of Assisi Loyal disciple of Francis Formed Order of Sisters of St. Francis (1212) Sisters worked alongside friars later cloistered Culture and Society Questions? The High Middle Ages The Middle Ages Progress? Innovation? Developments?