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ENGLAND: The Development of Democracy I. From Roman Empire to Feudalism • Classical Greece (2000 B.C.- 300 B.C.) • Roman Empire (500 B.C.-500A.D.) • Middle Ages (500 -1200) KEY: during feudalism people had a loyalty to 2 places: 1. your lord 2. the Church “The Great Chain of Being” • Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600) II. Rise of Absolute Monarchs in Europe A. From Weak Medieval King to Absolute Monarch 1. Kings gradually becomes more powerful a. kings- first among equals so at best he was no more than a powerful feudal lord b. by end of middle ages kings gathered more land and power 2. By the 1600s the King had become an absolute monarch a. ruler with unlimited power b. In England the Tudors were the only ones who approached absolutism B. Factors Strengthening Royal Power 1. Many feudal lords killed in Crusades 2. Rising middle class supported king to assure protection of property & trade 3. Longbow and Gunpowder 4. Nationalism definition- pride in own country- self identity C. “Divine Right of Kings” 1. King ruled by God’s authority as his earthly representative 2. Obedience to king = obedience to God 3. King could do no wrong Egypt= Pharoh China=Emperor U.S.= consent of people 4. Above justification for unlimited royal power D. Beginning of Nation-States - occupy a definite territory - under one gov’t - culturally united - speak same language - loyalty to country 1. Common Nationalities in England, France & Spain 2. Loyalty shifts from local lord & province to king & nation 3. Diverse nationalities in Prussia, Russia, and Austria III. Developments in England: Strong Monarchs and World Power A. Early History 1. From 1st Century to the 11th Century A.D. England invaded and inhabited by several groups a. Anglo-Saxons b. Danes c. Normans 2. Assimilation B. Norman Invasion- 1066 1. King Edward “the Confessor” - fights off Danes - allows nobles to rule - endeared by his people a. dies without an heir - lords name Harold the next king - William, Duke of Normandy Edward’s 2nd cousin claims throne 2. Harold Godwinson vs. William Duke of Normandy a. as a kid court title was “William the Bastard” b. after battle with Harold becomes “William the Conqueror” How does he get this nickname? READ BATTLE OF HASTINGS 3. Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066) a. William “the Conqueror” becomes King of England (1066-1087) - lays foundation for royal power in England b. Problems? -loyalty to French king AND is King of Englandwhere’s the loyalty? 4. William Strengthens Royal Power a. declared all England his personal property Creates -Doomsday Book strong centralized b. gave land to loyal Norman lords & bishops while keeping government 1/5 of England for himself c. Salisbury Oath- lords pledged allegiance and military service to him = more POWER! 5. Early Norman Kings a. Henry II (1154-1189) –great grandson of William i.) royal courts ii.) jury system -group of social equals~ 12 neighbors who swore an oath to tell the truth -judge made decision based on jury’s advice -before disputed were resolved with a duel b. King John (1199-1216) What IS the Difference Between Britain, England and the UK? IV. FOUNDATIONS OF DEMOCRATICGROWTH A. Jury System created by King Henry II 1. Intended to strengthen royal authority, but eventually used to further democracy - Henry only allowed King’s court to juries to strengthen his power and weaken noble’s B. Magna Carta (1215) 1. King can’t imprison freemen w/out judgment of peers 2. King may not levy taxes w/out consent of Great Council 3. originally protected nobility but later extended to all Englishmen a. King not absolute, subject to laws b. all persons guaranteed trial by jury c. Great Council, later becomes Parliament, is the only one who can levy taxes * John signed it but DID NOT follow it • Henry II (Angevin): • replaces trial by combat/ordeal with jury trials royal judge presides, • Richard “the Lion Hearted” • Henry III C. Model Parliament (1295) 1. Edward I (1272-1307) expands Great Council’s** membership to include commoners - he didn’t like being dependent on nobles for $ - w/towns & trade growing he saw opportunity to tax middle class 2. Intended to ensure loyalty of wealthy middle class, weaken nobles, and increase Edward’s power, but eventually used to check royal power and further democracy – IRONIC!! D. Common Law - based decisions on previous decisions - legal precedents formed common law - applied to all people - held that life, liberty, or property could not be taken illegally or arbitrarily E. Parliamentary Lawmaking in 1300s -Parliament threatened to witthold tax laws in order to get King to accept its legislation on matters other than taxes - Laws come to require the consent of Parliament and the approval of the King WATCH BRAVEHEART Battle of Bonockburn 1314 Stirling Castle V. Hundred Years War (1337-1453) A. Causes 1. French covet territory controlled by English King 2. Edward III of England claimed French throne 3. Edward III invades France B. Military Highlights 1. English won battles at a. Crecy (1346)- Edward III leads English to victory Longbow gave the b. Poiters (1356)- Edward, Black Prince, son English - outnumber 3:1 these 2 victories! c. Agincourt (1415)- Henry V outnumbered 5:1 2. Longbow causes revolution in warfare & society the longbow• • • • • • Gave the English a major advantage in all battles Typically had 6ftl longbows with iron-tipped points Effective from 200 yards & lethal from 60 yards Tips could pierce metal A good archer could shoot 10 shots a minute reduced importance of nobles and knights on the battlefield • Pierce the armor of a knight • Used to kill charging horses “I’ve fallen and can’t get up” – commoners could then step in for the easy kill • Allowed commoners to now fight. Nobles with their expensive equipment are no longer important 3. Hundred Years War was like a basketball/football Game 1st quarter- English winning 2/victories @ Crecy and Poiters 2nd Quarter- French start to win, get back in the game 3rd Quarter- English take a big lead with Henry V’s victory @ Agincourt, looks like a blow out 4th Quarter- France will be led to the greatest 4th quarter comeback by ………. ……JOAN OF ARC 4. Joan of Arc a. In 1429, as a peasant girl, heard divine voices directing her to save France from English conquest b. From King Charles VII she demanded and received command of an army c. Raised the English siege of Orleans and drove English from France d. In 1430 captured by English; in 1431 condemned to as a witch and burned at the stake C. Effect of War on England 1. Spurred English nationalism 2. With loss of French territory began to devote energies solely to England VI. War of the Roses (1455-1485) A. Cause 1. Two families of nobles make claim to the throne 2. House of York (white rose) vs. House of Lancaster (red rose) Richard Duke of York Henry VII Richard III Roundworm B. Results 1. Richard III killed in Battle of Bosworth 2. Lancastrians victorious & had Henry Tudor crowned Henry VII 3. Power of monarchy increased a. many nobles died Richard III b. middle class supports Tudor rule c. Tudor family provided strong, capable leadership Bosworth Edward V and brother Richard of York HENRY VII VII. Tudor Rule (1485-1603) A. Henry VII (1458-1509) 1. Reestablished the king’s authority over nobles 2. Furthered trade and prosperity 3. Court of the Star Chamber -used to put down people who challenged Henry’s authority of spoke against him - met in secret -torture used for confessions B. Luther Attacks the Church (1517) 1. 95 Theses a. condemned the sale of indulgences 2. Calls for reform of Church a. faith was the key to salvation, not good works b. Bible the only authority for Christian life -denied supremacy of the Pope -Bible was only source of Church teachings c. People don’t need priests to interpret Bible -”priesthood of believers” - Printing press helps spread Luther’s ideas - many don’t like paying tithe to foreign authority – the Pope, so many nobles support Luther 3. Excommunicated, but Protestantism spread throughout Europe C. Henry VIII (1509- 1547) 1. 18 years old when he becomes king 2. devout Catholic 3. Married Catherine of Aragon a. 5 babies died in infancy b. one child- Mary c. worried about civil war if no male heir d. asks pope for annulment 4. Henry’s Solution a. Parliament legalized his divorce Thomas Moore b. Married Anne Boleyn -excommunicated c. Act of Supremacy - created Anglican Church - King now head of Church in England d. Closed all monasteries and seized their wealth and lands e. Sold much of this land to nobles and members of rising middle class 5. Henry’s Many Wives a. Catherine of Aragon -daughter Mary b. Anne Boleyn - daughter Elizabeth c. Jane Seymour -son Edward VI d. Anne of Cleves e. Catherine Howard f. Catherine Parr Thomas Cromwell D. Edward VI (1547-1553) 1. Staunch Protestant 2. Protestants gain power during his reign D2. Lady Jane Grey (the Nine Day Queen) - great granddaughter of Henry VII E. Mary I (1553-1558) 1. Sought to make England Catholic - Parliament is Protestant- conflicts 2. “Bloody Mary” - had 200 Protestants killed for failing to convert to Catholicism - no separation of church and state- must be F. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 1. marriage a. resisted her advisor’s pleas to marry suitable man b. wanted to protect England c. wanted to preserve her power d. deliberately kept suitors like Phillip II of Spain waiting e. “Virgin Queen” British Fire Ship attacks Spanish Armada VIII. Unpopular Stuarts: Conflict with Parliament (1603-1643) A. James I (1603-1625) 1. Divine Right 2. Money 3. Puritans Have You Seen This Before? • Gunpowder Plot Oct 26, 1605 – Plot to assassinate King James and blow up Parliament building (House of Lords) – Reaction against anti-Catholic treatment – 13 conspirators including Robert Catersby and Guy Fawkes – 36 barrels of gunpowder placed under Parliament - Plot failed- conspirators captured and killed - More harsh anti-Catholic laws put into place B. Charles I (1625-1643) 1. Divine Right 2. Money 3. Parliament Issues the Petition of Right (1628) a. due process b. not force loans or heavy taxes without the consent of Parliament c. He would not house soldiers in private homes without consent of owner 4. Dissolves Parliament from (1629-1640) -continues to break Petition of Right - becomes more unpopular 5. Persecuted Puritans 6. Chose William Laud as archbishop to lead Church of England C. Long-Term Causes of Civil War 1. Conflict between King and Parliament over: a. religion b. taxes c. role of King and Parliament D. Short-Term Causes of Civil War 1. Royal claim to divine right of kings 2. Charles disregard for Petition of Rights 3. Antagonizing Puritans 4. Attempt to arrest leaders of House of Commons E. Parliament Wins the Civil War (1642-1645) 1. Roundheads vs. Cavaliers loyal to Parliament loyal to King 2. Quote from Roundhead “ The question in dispute between the King’s party and us was whether the King should be govern as a god by his will, and the nation be governed by force like beasts or whether the people should be governed by laws made by themselves and live under a government derived from their consent.” 3. Roundheads have money, but need a good military leader 3. Oliver Cromwell a. “I think he who prays best will fight best.” b. New Model Army c. defeats Charles’ army in 1645 d. Army refuses Parliament’s order to dissolve e. Cromwell defeats members who try to join forces with Charles and captures Charles in August 1648 f. Charles put on trial for treason IX. Cromwell Rules as Military Dictator (1653-1658) A. Lord Protector 1. really just a military dictatorship, supposed to be a republic B. Puritans reform English society 1. shut down theaters 2. forbade sporting events 3. merrymaking and amusement became illegal “King in all but name” C. Irish (rebellion) 1. Drogheda- massacre "In the heat of the action, I forbade them [his soldiers] to spare any that were in arms in the town...and, that night they put to the sword about two thousand men". 2. Irish homes and land taken and given to English soldiers 3. famine and plague (1641-1652) X. Charles II Restored to the Monarchy A. Restoration (1660-1685) 1. King returns to the throne 2. Merrymaking returns 3. Moderate ruler 4. Habeas Corpus 5. Problems over religion & $ 6. Political Parties Developed a. Whigs vs. Tories James’ opponents James’ supporters B. James II (1685-1688) 1. James upsets supporters and opponents a. practicing Catholic b. strong believer in divine right c. opened gov’t posts to Catholics d. stationed 13,000 troops outside London e. announced birth of son from second marriage C. Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution (1688) 1. William and Mary 2. Troops desert James II XI. Rule of William and Mary A. Changes 1. recognizes Parliament as a leading partner in ruling England 2. Bill of Rights