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Part
3
Part Introduction
This part will cover the civilizations and empires
that developed in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
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1: The Rise of Europe (500−1300)
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2: The High and Late Middle Ages (1050−1450)
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3: The Byzantine Empire and Russia (330−1613)
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4: Muslim Civilizations (622−1629)
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5: Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa
(730 B.C.−A.D. 1591)
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6: Spread of Civilizations in East Asia (500−1650)
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From about
500 to 1500,
sprawling
regional
civilizations
came to
dominate
the world.
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A single powerful empire
sometimes dominated its
neighbors.
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Common geographic
features such as plains or
mountains linked some
cultures.
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Two major regional
civilizations were based
on religion: Christianity
and Islam.
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The Rise of Europe (500−1300)
Germanic invaders ended Roman rule in
Western Europe.
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From 400-700, Europe was carved into small
kingdoms.
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Around 800, Charlemagne united them. He revived
learning and spread Christianity.
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After Charlemagne’s death, waves of Magyars,
Vikings, and Muslims invaded.
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A new system arose to provide protection, order,
and link all levels of society: feudalism.
Powerful lords divided land and protected lesser
lords, or vassals, in return for loyalty.
Vassals received a fief or estate, which included
the peasants or serfs who lived there.
Lords battled for power and trained from boyhood
as mounted warriors or knights.
Knights developed a code of honor or chivalry.
The economy was based on the lord’s manor,
worked by the serfs in return for protection.
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The Church was the most important
medieval institution.
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The Western or Roman Catholic Church grew
in secular power. Church officials often held
government positions, because no one else
was educated.
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The Church taught that all people were sinners;
to avoid hell one had to believe in Christ and
participate in the sacraments. This gave clergy
great power, which was sometimes abused.
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The economy
expanded and
a middle class
of merchants,
artisans, and
traders emerged
in medieval
towns.
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New technology, such as
the iron plow and windmill,
increased productivity.
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Merchant guilds soon
dominated town life and
the economy, taking power
from the lords.
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By 1300, this new middle
class had revived and
changed the economy of
Western Europe.
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The High and Late Middle Ages (1050–1450.)
During the
High Middle
Ages, feudal
overlords or
monarchs
began to
consolidate
their power.
Over
centuries this
developed
into today’s
system of
nations.
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An example
is England.
William the
Conqueror
took the
throne there
in 1069.
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William’s
successors
developed a
system of royal
justice which
led to English
common law.
Kings, nobles,
and the Church
struggled for
power.
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In the 1200s King John was
forced to sign the Magna
Carta, which give nobles
certain rights. These were
later extended to all citizens.
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The king had to live by the
law as citizens do.
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The king had to ask the
council, which evolved into
Parliament, before raising
taxes.
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When a single ruler united the German
states, the Pope crowned him emperor.
This Holy Roman Emperor, as well as various
kings, struggled with the Church for power. The
Pope could excommunicate those who disobeyed,
so they could not receive the holy sacraments
of the Church.
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In 1050 the
pope called on
Christians to
come to the aid
of the Byzantine
Christians who
had been
attacked by
Muslim Turks.
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Christians left on these
Crusades to free the
Holy Land.
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They failed, but the
Crusades did expose
Europeans to new
learning.
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They also left a legacy
of religious hatred
between Muslims and
Christians.
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A positive result of the Crusades was a
growth in learning. Classical literature were
translated into the common language, or
vernacular.
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The Late Middle Ages was also brought a
series of disasters. The bubonic plague or
Black Death ravaged Europe, spread by
unsanitary conditions.
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It would take over a hundred years for
Europe to recover.
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The Byzantine Empire and Russia (330–1613)
After the fall
of Rome, the
Byzantine
empire in the
east survived.
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Emperor Constantine
rebuilt Byzantium,
renaming it Constantinople.
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During the Middle Ages
it thrived.
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The Byzantine
clergy rejected
the pope’s
authority over
the Church.
The result
was a schism,
or permanent
split, with
Rome, in
1054.
The eastern
Church continued
even when
Constantinople
fell to the
Ottomans in
1453.
The Emperor Justinian created “Justinian’s Code,” which
preserved and extended the heritage of Roman law.
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With the fall of the
Byzantine empire,
many scholars moved
to the West, bringing
knowledge that would
contribute to the
Renaissance.
Empress Theodora, who assisted
her husband Justinian.
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Russia evolved
in present-day
Ukraine. At Kiev,
Viking and
Byzantine
cultures mixed
with the local
Slav population.
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Monks adapted the
Greek alphabet and
translated the Bible,
converting the people
to the Orthodox faith.
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Russians also adopted
Byzantine styles of
architecture and art.
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In the 1200s, the Mongols conquered Russia.
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Russia was cut off from the West just as new
scientific ideas were emerging there.
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By 1505, the Russians had regained power under
Ivan III. He and his successors took the title of tsar.
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His grandson Ivan IV, known as “Ivan the Terrible,”
established a tradition of absolute rule.
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In Eastern
Europe, no single
ethnic group
dominated.
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Waves of Asian groups
swept in, including
Magyars, Huns, Avars,
Bulgars, and Khazars.
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Missionaries brought Byzantine culture and
Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
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Jewish refugees who were persecuted in western
Europe also moved east.
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Many kingdoms arose over time.
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Muslim Civilizations (622–1629)
Muhammad,
the prophet of
Islam, was
born in Mecca
in 570.
After being called in a
vision, he spent his life
spreading the new faith.
All Muslims follow the
Five Pillars of Islam:
belief in one God, daily
prayer, charity, fasting,
and the hajj or
pilgrimage to Mecca.
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When Muhammad died in 632, Abu Bakr
was chosen as caliph, or successor.
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His military campaign eventually spread Islam
to Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.
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The Abbasid dynasty moved the capital to Baghdad
and made it a magnificent city.
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Near the end of the 1200s the Muslim empire
fragmented.
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Between 750 and 1350 Muslim merchants
established a vast trading network.
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During the golden age of Muslim civilizations
pioneering advances were made in mathematics,
astronomy, medicine, philosophy, literature, and
the arts.
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Domed mosques or houses of worship dominated
cities and Baghdad was a great center of learning.
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In the late
1100s a Muslim
sultan defeated
Hindu armies in
India; his
successors
established the
Delhi sultanate.
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The Muslims killed many
Hindus and destroyed
Buddhist temples,
though later sultans
grew more tolerant.
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In 1526, Turkish and
Mongol invaders led by
Babur established the
Mughal dynasty.
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In 1453 the
Ottomans captured
Constantinople.
Under Suleiman, the
Ottomans dominated
the culture of the Balkan
region and Asia Minor.
In the 1500s the
Safavid empire
grew in Persia.
The glory of ancient
of Persia was revived
under Shah Abbas the
Great, who ruled from
1588 to 1629.
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Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa
(730 B.C.–1591)
While Egypt
developed
on the northern
part of the Nile,
Nubia or Kush
grew on the
river to the
south.
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For thousands of years,
Nubia reigned as an
independent kingdom.
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The capital was moved to
Meroë around 500 B.C.
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The Nubians fell to
invaders from Axum
around 350 B.C.
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North Africa eventually
became Muslim after
many others ruled the
region first.
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Cities benefited from a rich
trading network in ivory,
grain, wine, and gold.
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Camel caravans brought
goods from kingdoms in
West Africa.
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Several kingdoms arose in West Africa.
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In 800, the Soninka formed Ghana, which Arab
writers called the “land of gold.”
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In 1250, Mali took control of the gold and salt
supplies of the Sahara. Emperor Mansa Musa
increased ties with Muslim scholars.
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In the 1400s, Songhai replaced Mali. Songhai
itself splintered due to to civil wars in the 1580s.
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Axum was already
an important
center for trade
when it conquered
Nubia in A.D. 350.
In the 300s, Axum’s Christian
king strengthened ties to the
Mediterranean. But in the 600s
Islam came to dominate North
Africa and Axum declined.
As Axum declined, cities along the east coast of
Africa replaced it as centers for trade. By 1000,
Indian Ocean commerce was thriving.
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Geography, climate, migration, and trade
all influenced early African societies.
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In some medieval African societies the nuclear
family was typical. In others several generations
lived together.
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Religion and political structures also varied.
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In West Africa, griots, professional story-tellers,
maintained a rich tradition of oral literature.
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Spread of Civilizations in East Asia (500–1650)
The glory of the
Han was restored
under the Tang
dynasty (618–
907).
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Surrounding regions were
forced to pay tribute.
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A canal system encouraged
transportation and trade.
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Land was redistributed to
the peasants.
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In 960 the Song dynasty reunited China,
which had splintered with the fall of the Tang.
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The Song ruled for 319 years, a golden age in
Chinese history.
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Song culture and wealth dominated Asia.
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Paper money was used, trade and wealth expanded,
and China’s cities became centers of commerce.
Some had populations of over a million.
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Under the Tang
and the Song,
China had a
well-ordered
society with
numerous cultural
achievements.
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Besides the emperor and
the aristocracy there were
classes of scholar-gentry
and peasant farmers.
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Prose and poetry flourished.
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Painting and calligraphy
were essential skills for the
scholar-gentry.
In 1279 the Mongols conquered the Tang; under their
rule trade on the Silk Road flourished.
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In 1368 the Ming dynasty pushed the
Mongols past the Great Wall.
• The Ming restored civil service exams.
• Confucian learning became the road to success.
• Ming explorers expanded trade. Admiral Zheng
He commanded a fleet of hundreds of vessels.
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Korea lay in the zone of Chinese influence
while maintaining its own traditions.
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Koreans improved on the wood block printing
technique invented by the Chinese.
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Korean scholars created a simpler alphabet than
the Chinese, leading to a highly literate society.
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While early Japan
was influenced by
China, it remained
independent.
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About A.D. 500 the
Yamato dynasty began.
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Scholars were sent to
study in China; some
Chinese ideas were
adopted, others
discarded.
Real power in feudal Japan lay with the supreme
military commander, or shogun.
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In 1603 Tokugawa
Ieyasu founded
a shogunate that
ruled until 1868.
The Tokugawa brought
peace and stability to
Japan. Trade flourished
and culture flowered.
The shoguns were very conservative, which led
to conflict when foreigners arrived in the 1500s.
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Hip Hop History
The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia
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Part Review
A Global View: Regional Civilizations
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
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