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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Semiconductor Devices ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 What is Semiconductors? Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide Ability to conduct electrical current, and they can be regulated in the amount of their conductivity. Si is most widely used – easily obtained. Early developments semiconductor – 1600 to 1800. ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Era 1947 – First Transistor, AT & T Bells Labs. 1952 – First Single Crystal Ge. 1954 – First Single Crystal Si. 1958 – First IC Device. 1961 – First IC Product, Fairchild Camera 1971 – Intel Microprocessor 1975 – First Personal Computer. 1981 – IBM Personal Computer. ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Devices Applied Physics, E & E Eng, Materials Science. Semiconductor Devices – foundation of electronic industry. Largest industry in the world - >> USD trillion, since 1998. Fundamental study of devices (semiconductor physics) – to understanding the advanced course in electronics. ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 The underlying theory of photons which made the invention of the laser possible was first developed by Albert Einstein in 1905 1954 the first microwave laser was built by physicist Charles Townes. The first optical laser was built in 1960 by physicist Theodore Maiman Tim Berners-Lee, a Physicist from CERN Particle Physics Lab, invented the World Wide Web in 1990 The first electronic digital computer was built in the basement of the physics department at Iowa State University in 1939 by Physicist, Professor Dr. John Atasanoff ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Devices (cont.) USD billion 105 Gross world product (GWP) 104 electronics automobile 103 semiconductor steel 102 101 1980 1990 2000 Year ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 2010 Semiconductor Devices (cont.) 1.1 M Basic Devices Building Blocks p – type S/C n – type S/C S/C (1) Metal – semiconductor interface (2) p – n junction oxide S/C A S/C B M (3) Heterojunction interface S/C (4) Metal – oxide semiconductor structure ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Devices (cont.) 1. Metal-semiconductor interface - intimate contact between a metal and a semiconductor - first semiconductor device ever studied (1874). -used as rectifying contact. -MESFET. 2. p-n junction - form between p-type s/c and n-type s/c. - key building block for most s/c devices. -p-n junction theory – foundation of the physics of s/c. -p-n-p bipolar transistor (1947). -p-n-p-n called thyristor. ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Devices (cont.) 3. Heterojunction interface - interface between two dissimilar s/c, i.e GaAs + AlAs heterojunction. -the key components for high-speed and photonic devices. 4. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) structure -a combination of metal-oxide interface and oxidesemiconductor interface. - MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor) – most important device for advanced IC. ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Devices (cont.) 1.2 Major Semiconductor Devices Year Semiconductor Device Inventor(s) 1874 Metal-semiconductor contact Braun 1907 Light emitting diode (LED) Round 1947 Bipolar transistor Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley 1949 p-n junction Shockley 1954 Solar cell Chapin, Fuller, Pearson 1958 Tunnel diode Leo Esaki ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Devices (cont.) 1.2 Major Semiconductor Devices (cont.) Year Semiconductor Device Inventor(s) 1962 Laser Hall et al. 1965 IMPATT diode Johnston, DeLoach, Cohen 1966 MESFET Mead 1967 Nonvolatile s/c memory Kahng, Sze 1980 MODFET Mimura et al. 2001 20nm MOSFET Chau ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Technology Year Technology Inventor(s) 1918 Czochralski crystal growth Czochralski 1925 Bridgman crystal growth Bridgman 1952 Diffusion Pfann 1959 Hybrid IC Kilby 1963 CMOS Wanlass and Sah 1967 DRAM Dennard 1969 MOCVD Manasevit and Simpson 1971 Dry Etching Irving, Lemons, and Bobos 1971 Microprocessor (4004) Hoff et al. 1993 Copper interconnect Paraszczak et al. ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Semiconductor Tech. (cont.) As the complexity of the IC increased, we have move from NMOS (n-channel MOSFET) to CMOS (complementary MOSFET) technology – employs both NMOS and PMOS. CMOS technology is the dominant technology for advanced ICs. DRAM (dynamic random access memory) – the memory contains one MOSFET and one chargestorage capacitor. (MOSFET serve as switch to charge and discharge the capacitor). ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Technology Trends The minimum length of IC has been reduced at rate about 13% per year. Device miniaturization also reduces the energy used for each switching operation. (energy has decreased over one million times since 1959). At the beginning of the modern technology era (1950 – 1970), bipolar transistor was the technology driver. 1970-1990, DRAM and the microprocessor based on MOS devices were the technology drivers (rapid growth of PC and advanced tech. systems. Since 1990, nonvolatile semiconductor memory has been the tech. driver – because of the rapid growth of portable electronic systems. ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Summary Semiconductor Device field – new era of study – give a big impact to our society and the global economy (largest industry in the world – electronic industry). Started from metal-semiconductor contact in 1874 – to the fabrication of the ultrasmall 20nm MOSFET in 2001. Semiconductor devices: 1947 (Bipolar Transistor) 1960 (MOSFET) 1967 (invention of nonvolatile semiconductor memory). More than 300, 000 papers have been published in semiconductor-device physics field. Grand total may reach 1 million papers in the year 2012. ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 Next Chapter: Chapter 2 Energy Bands & Carrier Concentration in Thermal Equilibrium ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 “Try not to become a man of success but rather to become a man of value” Albert Einstein US (German-born) physicist (1879 - 1955) ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07 “Education is the best provision for the journey to old age” Aristotle Greek critic, philosopher, physicist, & zoologist (384 BC - 322 BC) ©Syarifah Norfaezah 06/07