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CoSci 442
Microprocessor Systems
Presented
by:
Engr. Ronnie D. Caytiles
BSCS
College of Computer Studies
University of Antique
Contents:
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John von Neumann(1903-1957)
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General Definitions
Historical Perspectives
– Mechanical Age
– Electrical Age
– Programming
Advancements
– Microprocessor Age
– Modern Microprocessors
Microprocessor Applications
What is a computer?
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A Computer is a programmable machine.
The two principal characteristics of a
computer are:
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It responds to a specific set of instructions in a
well-defined manner.
It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a
program ).
What is a computer?
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Modern computers
are electronic and
digital .
The actual machinery
wires, transistors, and
circuits is called
hardware. the
instructions and data
are called software.
What comprises a computer?
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All general-purpose computers require the
following hardware components:
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Memory: Enables a computer to store, at least
temporarily, data and programs.
Mass storage device : Allows a computer to
permanently retain large amounts of data.
Common mass storage devices include disk
drives and tape drives.
What comprises a computer?
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Input device: Usually a keyboard and mouse are
the input device through which data and
instructions enter a computer.
Output device: A display screen, printer, or other
device that lets you see what the computer has
accomplished.
Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the
computer, this is the component that actually
executes instructions.
What comprises a computer?
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In addition to these components, many
others make it possible for the basic
components to work together efficiently.
For example, every computer requires a bus
that transmits data from one part of the
computer to another.
Classifications of computers:
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Computers can be generally classified by
size and power as follows, though there is
considerable overlap:
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Personal computer
Working station
Minicomputer
Mainframe
Supercomputer
Personal Computer
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A small, single-user
computer based on a
microprocessor. In
addition to the
microprocessor, a
personal computer has a
keyboard for entering
data, a monitor for
displaying information,
and a storage device for
saving data.
Working Station
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A powerful, single-user
computer. A
workstation is like a
personal computer, but
it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a
higher-quality monitor.
Working Station
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A type of computer used for engineering applications
(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and
other types of applications that require a moderate amount
of computing power and relatively high quality graphics
capabilities.
Workstations generally come with a large, high resolution
graphics screen, at least 64 MB (mega bytes) of RAM, builtin network support, and a graphical user interface.
Like personal computers, most workstations are single user
computers. However, workstations are typically linked
together to form a local-area network, although they can also
be used as stand-alone systems.
Minicomputer
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A multi-user computer capable
of supporting from 10 to
hundreds of users
simultaneously.
A minicomputer, a term no
longer much used, is a
computer of a size
intermediate between a
microcomputer and a
mainframe.
IBM AS/400 is an example.
Mainframe
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A powerful multiuser computer
capable of
supporting many
hundreds or
thousands of users
simultaneously.
Supercomputer
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An extremely fast computer
that can perform hundreds
of millions of instructions per
second.
Typically used for scientific
and engineering applications
that must handle very large
databases or do a great
amount of computation (or
both).
What is a microcomputer?
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The term microcomputer is generally
synonymous with personal computer, or a
computer that depends on a microprocessor.
Microcomputers are designed to be used by
individuals, whether in the form of PCs,
workstations or notebook computers.
What is a microcomputer?
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A microcomputer contains a CPU on a
microchip (the microprocessor), a memory
system (typically ROM and RAM), a bus
system and I/O ports, typically housed in a
motherboard.
Microprocessor Overview
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What is a microprocessor?
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Microprocessors are regarded as
one of the most important devices in
our everyday machines called
computers.
Microprocessor is an electronic
circuit that functions as the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer,
providing computational control.
Microprocessors incorporate
arithmetic and logic functional units
as well as the associated control
logic, instruction processing circuitry,
a portion of the memory hierarchy.
portions of the interface logic for the
input/output (I/O) and memory
subsystems
CPU in a single chip
Microprocessor Overview
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What is CPU?
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Central Processing Unit
Executes instructions
Store data & instructions
temporarily through its
internal registers
Performs arithmetic &
logical operations
Microprocessor Overview
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Microprocessor Classifications
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by the semiconductor technology of their design
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by the width of the data format they process
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TTL, transistor-transistor logic
CMOS, complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor
ECL, emitter-coupled logic
4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64 bit
by their instruction set
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CISC, complex instruction-set computers
RISC, reduced instruction-set computers
Microprocessor Overview
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Microprocessors have been compared with the heart and the
brains of the humans. Their operation has been likened to a
switched board, and to a nervous system in an animal. Its
original purpose was to control memory. Thus, a
microprocessor is ‘a component that implements memory’.
A microprocessor can do any information-processing task
that can be expressed, precisely, as a plan. It is totally
uncommitted as to what its plan will be. It is a truly generalpurpose information-processing device. The plan, which it is
to execute—which will, in other words, control its
operation—is stored electronically. This is the principle of
“stored program control”. Without a program the
microprocessor can do nothing.
Microprocessor Overview
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Three basic characteristics differentiate
microprocessors:
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Instruction set: The set of instructions that the
microprocessor can execute.
Bus width: The number of bits processed in a
single instruction.
Clock speed: Given in megahertz (MHz), the
clock speed determines how many instructions
per second the processor can execute.
Microprocessor Overview
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In both cases, the higher the value, the more
powerful the CPU. For example, a 32 bit
microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more
powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs
at 50MHz.
In addition to bus width and clock speed,
microprocessors are classified as being either
RISC (reduced instruction set computer) or CISC
(complex instruction set computer).
Historical Perspectives
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Mechanical Age
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Abacus
Pascal’s Calculator
Babbage’s Analytical Engine
Electrical Age
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Hollerith’s Punched Card Machine
Z 3, invented by Konrad Zuse
Colossus, invented by Alan Turing
ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
EDVAC, Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator
Historical Perspectives
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Programming
Advancements
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Machine language
Assembly Language
FLOW-MATIC
FORTRAN
ALGOL
COBOL
RPG
BASIC
C/C++
PASCAL
ADA
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SmallTalk
PROLOG
JAVA
PHP
LISP
VB
C#
J#
Delphi
HTML
PEARL
Python
Foxpro
Historical Perspectives
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Microprocessor Age
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Intel 4004(1971), world’s first microprocessor
Intel 4040, updated version
Intel 8008, extended 8-bit version
Intel 8080, first modern 8-bit microprocessor
MITS Altair 8800, first personal computer
Intel 8085
Historical Perspectives
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Modern Microprocessors
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Intel 8086/8088
Intel 80286
Intel 80386
Intel 80486
Pentium
Pentium Pro
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium IV
Microprocessor Applications
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Personal Computer
Personal Workstation
Real Time Controller
Embedded Control
Charles Babbage(1791-1871)
Questions???
Assignment #02
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Differentiate CISC from RISC.
Determine the number of transistors & clock
speeds of the following microprocessors:
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Pentium Processors
Dual Core Processors
Quad Core Processors
To be submitted on: November 16, 2010
Activity #01
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Create five (5) groups
Submit group members name in a sheet of
paper.
Quiz #001
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Identify the following:
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A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see
what the computer has accomplished.
A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.
An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per second.
an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing
unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational control.
The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.