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EE 1105: Introduction to EE Freshman Seminar Lab-Lecture: Op Amp Circuits, Embedded Computing Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2 vs Base 10 How many fingers do you have? (probably 10) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9…. 10…! But, wait! It’s not a single digit representing “ten”!!! “1 – ten and 0 – ones” Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Digits… You can count on your fingers in Base 10… Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2 Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2… cont’d Finger Counting Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2… cont’d Why is this important? All modern computing is done in Binary! To learn more, including how to easily convert between Base 2 and base 10: http://www.purplemath.com/modules/numbbase.htm There are other “bases” too, Base 16, Base 20… all important Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Binary Counting Base 2… in Hardware? But Binary Numbers Can be Thought of as On/ Off Switches in hardware… 1/ 0 … On/ Off Like a row of light switches! Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistors Water Analogy Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistors Water analogy cont’d…BJT! Bipolar Junction Transistor A bipolar junction transistor (BJT or bipolar transistor) is a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two types of semiconductor for its operation. BJTs can be used as amplifiers, switches, or in oscillators. Two main types: NPN and PNP Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistors Water analogy cont’d…BJT! BJTs are variable valves! By changing the “pressure” to the Base… you can change the “flow” from the Emitter to the Collector Like turning “up” the knob on the water hose! Changing VEB changes IC small changes in VEB = large changes in IC Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistors In Practice BJTs can be combined to make … Stuff By combining BJTs you can create Switches Op-Amps Oscillators Inverters Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Transistor use: Digital Inverter Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 The Operational Amplifier The op amp is built using VLSI techniques. The circuit diagram of an LM 741 from TI is shown below. Vp(+) Vn(-) Taken from TI data sheet as shown on the web. Vcc+ Vo VccDan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 The Operational Amplifier The basic op amp with supply voltage included is shown in the diagram below. V- _ inverting input output Vd + noninverting input V2 V+ Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 V1 Ro Ri AVd Vo Op-Amp • Rules of Op-Amps – Voltage supplied at “+” appears at “-” – No current applied to inputs – Has “infinite” gain… in no feedback configuration Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Op-Amp Inverting Op-Amp If Rf = Ri Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Then AV = Vout = -Vin Ideal Op-Amp Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Feedback Connection Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Op-Amp Circuits Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Op-Amp Circuits Integrator Circuit Vout either ground or smaller than rail Vin between ground and Vout Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 D/A and A/D conversion Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) n=4, G=-0.5 Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and the Process of Sampling Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Analog to Digital Converter using a DAC Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Sample and Hold Circuit Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Texas Instruments MSP430 LaunchPad • The LaunchPad development board features: – 14-/20-pin DIP (N) socket – Built-in flash emulation for debugging and programming – 2 programmable LEDs – 1 power LED – 1 programmable button – 1 reset button • • Includes one mini USB cable to interface with a PC. MSP430G2553IN20 – 16kB Flash, 512B RAM, interruptible GPIOs (capacitive sensecapable), 16-bit timers, 8ch 10bit ADC, Comparator, Serial Communication (USCI – I2C, SPI & UART) & more Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Programming Constructs Data Types - Primitives (Integer, Float, etc) - Const, Var, Pointer - Complex (Lists, arrays, etc.) - Register values (tied to hardware) - Timer (clocks, tied to hardware) Operations on data - +, - , =, etc. Control Statements - If, case (conditional) - While, For (loops) Function calls - User defined - Main () - MSP 430 specific: ex. ConfigureADC 26 Microcontrollers (MCU)Processor Application (MPU) TI’s Embedded Portfolio MSP430 C2000 Tiva Hercules Sitara DSP Multicore 16-bit Ultra Low Power & Cost 32-bit 32-bit All-around MCU 32-bit 32-bit Linux Android 16/32-bit All-around DSP 32-bit Massive Performance ARM Cortex-A8 Cortex-A9 DSP C5000 C6000 • C66 + C66 • A15 + C66 • A8 + C64 • ARM9 + C674 MSP430 ULP RISC MCU • Low Pwr Mode 0.1 µA 0.5 µA (RTC) • Analog I/F • RF430 Real-time • Real-time ARM C28x MCU Cortex-M3 • ARM M3+C28 Cortex-M4F Safety ARM Cortex-M3 Cortex-R4 • Motor Control • 32-bit Float • Lock step • $5 Linux CPU • C5000 Low • Nested Vector Dual-core R4 Power DSP • Digital Power IntCtrl (NVIC) • ECC Memory • 3D Graphics • 32-bit fix/float • Precision • PRU-ICSS • Ethernet industrial subsys C6000 DSP Timers/PWM (MAC+PHY) • SIL3 Certified 4 A15 + 8 C66x • DSP MMAC’s: 352,000 TI RTOS (SYS/BIOS) TI RTOS (SYS/BIOS) TI RTOS (SYS/BIOS) N/A Flash: 512K FRAM: 64K 512K Flash 512K Flash 256K to 3M Flash L1: 32K x 2 L2: 256K L1: 32K x 2 L2: 256K L1: 32K x 2 L2: 1M + 4M 25 MHz 300 MHz 80 MHz 220 MHz 1.35 GHz 800 MHz 1.4 GHz $0.25 to $9.00 $1.85 to $20.00 $1.00 to $8.00 $5.00 to $30.00 $5.00 to $25.00 $2.00 to $25.00 $30.00 to $225.00 Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 Linux, Android, C5x: DSP/BIOS SYS/BIOS C6x: SYS/BIOS • Fix or Float • Up to 12 cores Linux SYS/BIOS Next week, robotics and control Dan O. Popa, Freshman Seminar Spring 2015 28