Download Pre-mechanical computers

History of Computers
By
Darryl Mae D. Ramoran
Four Basic Periods
1. Pre-Mechanical [3000BC to 1450 AD]
2. Mechanical Age [1450 to 1840]
3. Electromechanical Age [1840 to 1940]
4. Electronic Age [1941 to Present]
1. Pre-Mechanical Age (3000
BC to 1450 AD)
• 1.A Communication
Petroglyths – refers to the sign or simple
figures carved in rock.
Pictographs – pictures or sketches that
usually resemble that which is depicted.
Ideographs – symbols to represent ideas or
concept.
Cuneiform – the first true written language
and the first real information system.
• 1B Input technology
Stylus – used to scratch marks in wet clay.
Papyrus plant – where the Egyptian wrote
their idea.
1C. Output technology
*Books
*Scrolls
*Folded sheets of papyrus
• 1D. Numbering System
*Egyptian System
1-9 Vertical lines
10 – U or circle
100 – Coiled Rope
1000 – lotus blossom
*Hindus System
created a nine digit numbering system
*875 AD
concept of zero was developed
The Abacus (c. 3000 BC)
2. Mechanical Age [1450 – 1840]
• Johann Gutenberg
Napier’s Bones and
Logarithms (1617)
Picture courtesy IBM
Oughtred’s (1621) and
Schickard‘s (1623]
slide rule
Blaise Pascal’s
Pascaline
(1645)
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz’s
Stepped Reckoner (1674)
Joseph-Marie Jacquard and his
punched card controlled looms (1804)
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
The Father of Computers
Charles Babbage’s Difference
Engine
Charles Babbage’s Analytical
Engine
Lady Augusta Ada
Countess of Lovelace
Read Lady Augusta Ada’s translation of Menabrea’s
Sketch of the Analytical Engine
3.Electro-mechanical [1840 1940]
Voltaic Battery by Alessandro Volta
Telegraph by Samuel F. B. Moore
• Telephone and Radio
– Alexander Graham Bell
– “Watson, Come here, I want you”
• Electrical Waves
– Discovered by Guglielmo Monica
• Boolean Algebra
– Developed by George Boole
Herman Hollerith and his
Census Tabulating Machine (1884)
A closer look at the Census
Tabulating Machine
4.Electronic Age [1941 to Present
• Z3 – first programmable computer ; built
by Konrad Zuse.
The Harvard Mark I (1944)
aka IBM’s Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC)
John Vincent Atanasoff (19031995)
Physics Prof
At
Iowa State
University,
Ames, IA
Clifford Berry (1918-1963)
PhD student
of
Dr. Atanasoff’s
1939
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(ABC)
The ABC was the first electronic digital computer, invented
by John Vincent Atanasoff
First Generation
• Vacuum tubes as their main logic
units
• Punch cards to input externally store
data
• Rotating magnetic drums for internal
storage of data and programs
The Enigma
Machine
1946
The ENIAC
-John Presper Eckert
(1919-1995)
and
John Mauchly
(1907-1980)
The ENIAC:
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer
Programming the ENIAC
John Von
Neumann
ENIAC’s
Wiring!
John Von Neumann came up with the
bright idea of using part of the computer’s
internal memory (called Primary Memory)
to “store” the program inside the computer
and have the computer go get the
instructions from its own memory, just as
we do with our human brain.
1951
Univac
Typical 1968 prices—EX-cluding maintenance & support!
Second Generation
• Vacuum tubes – replaced by
transistors
• Punched card – replaced by Magnetic
disks and tapes
• Magnetic cores strung in wire within
the computer became the primary
internal storage technology
• Transistor gave way to the parallel
processor or multiprogramming
• COBOL – developed by Grace
Hopper
• DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)
-Ken Olsen; released the first
minicomputer – Programmed Data
Processor - 8 (PDP-8)
• BASIC – Beginners All Purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code.
– developed by Thomas Kurtz and John
Kemeny.
Third Generation
• Transistors were replaced by
Integrated Circuit
• Magnetic disks and tapes completely
replace punch cards as external
storage device
• Magnetic core internal memories
gave way to Metal Oxide
Semiconductor (MOS)
• ARPANET is set up which later
become INTERNET
-Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network
• Intel was founded by Robert Noyce
Fourth Generation
• Microprocessor– is an integrated circuit
built on a tiny piece of silicon
– First designer of tiny computer is the Intel
• Altair 8080 – first personal computer
developed by Micro Instrumentation and
Telemetry Systemsor (MITS)
• Apple II – the first computer come in a
plastic case and include color graphics.
• Visicalc- the first spreadsheet program
• Wordstar – the first microcomputer word
processor