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Transcript
Group 8 Anthony McCorvey Ronnie Lalchan Chris Beck George Thompson Problem The power companies are converting the old mechanical meters to Smart meters. Wireless Communication Accurate Readings KWH every hour Power Factor Connect/Disconnect No jobs for meter readers Hiring untrained contractors Cheaper Looking for a cost efficient method to train contractors Goals To design a product that the power companies can use for their renovations Cost efficient Safe User Friendly Test and Train Design Requirements Hardware Meter Cans Potential Transformers Variable Transformer Toggle Switches/Relays Fuses Control Box Thinking about the Design 2 Phase Configurations Delta Wye Single Phase Phase Configuration Phase to Ground Phase 1 to Phase 2 Phase 2 to Phase 3 and Phase 3 to Phase 1 Single Phase Delta 120 Volts 240 Volts 240 Volts Three Phase Delta 120 Volts 240 Volts 240 Volts Single Phase Wye 120 Volts 208 Volts Three Phase Wye 120 Volts 208 Volts Three Phase *Power leg to Ground How can we convert single phase to three phase? Rotary motors etc Too expensive Defeats our goal “Trick the Voltage” That’s when Simulator was added to the name 208 Volts 208 Volts Meter Cans (2) Three Phase Meter Cans 2 Wire Delta Junction Meter 3 Wire Delta 3 Wire Wye LED Lights (3) Single Phase Meter Cans 2 Wire Delta 3 Wire Delta 3Wire Wye LED Lights (Safety Precautions) Potential Transformers 6 total potential transformers 3 Step-down PT’s “Configuration” 115:50 (Phase to Phase - Delta) and (Phase to Ground – Delta and Wye) 115:80 (Stinger leg Delta) 115:42 (Phase to Phase – Wye) 3 Step-Up PT’s “Multiplier” 2.4:1 Step-Up PT Schematic 115 50 115 80 115 42 Secondary Secondary Secondary Primary Primary Primary S3 S3 Variable Transformer S3 Voltage Calculations Phase to Ground for Wye and Delta (115:50) 50 x 2.4 = 120 Volts Power leg to Ground (Delta) (115:80) 80 x 2.4 = 192 Volts Specific to needs Found a solution Phase to Phase for Wye to Delta Subtractive Polarity Delta 50 x 2.4 = 120 volts Different terminals 120 <0 – 120 <180 = 240 Volts Wye (115:42) 42 x 2.4 = 100.8 Volts 100.8 <0 – 100.8 <180 = 201.6 Volts Control Box Variable Transformer 4 Fuses (1) 5 Amps (3) 2 Amps ON/OFF switch Safety Precautions 5 toggle switches for selection of configuration 3PDT Delta Switching Sequence Delta Single Phase Switch 1 Phase 1&2 to Up Ground Switch 2 Switch 3 Switch 4 Switch 5 Up Up Up Down Up Up Up Up Down Phase 1&2 to Up Ground Up Up Up Down Power Leg to Up Ground Up Up Up Up Phase 1 to Phase 2 Delta Three Phase Phase 1 to Phase 2 Up Up Up Up Down Phase 1 to Power Leg Up Up Up Down Down Phase 2 to Power Leg Up Up Up Down Down Wye Switching Sequence Wye Switch 1 Single Phase Switch 2 Switch 3 Switch 4 Switch 5 Phase 1&2 to Ground Up Down Up Down Down Phase 1 to Phase 2 Down Down Down Up Down Up Down Up Down Down Phase 1 to Phase 2 Down Down Down Up Down Phase 1 to Phase 3 Down Down Down Down Down Phase 2 to Phase 3 Down Down Down Down Down Wye Three Phase Phase 1,2,&3 to Ground Phase Converter Simulator Hardware 1 Changing Switches to Relays • Mechanically changes configurations • Allows microcontroller to control switching • A lower voltage device can now control the voltages of the meter cans • Eliminates need for the user to know list of combinations Relays • Type Triple pole double throw (3PDT) - Impedance Input voltage Voltage Required to operate Current Required 120 Ω 6 – 240 VAC 8 - 14V Min of .2 A Schematic of Relay Connection Testing 1. Tested relays by realizing the schematic 2. For the microcontroller, we applied a steady voltage. 3. Connected to relays to microcontroller. 4. Replaced switched with relays. Building First attempt: • Diode parallel with relay • Purpose: • Protect circuit from feedback current when relay switched • Diode shorted out the transistors • Solution: • Remove diode Building Second attempt: • 1K resistor • Limited current to microcontroller • Too much impedance on breadboard • Switch to 100 ohms • Blew transistors 2n2222 • 2n2222 didn’t have a high enough rating • Solution: • Changed transistor to TIP120 Software Objective Create a Interface to compliment the Training Simulation To allow the user to interact with the system. To give a visual reference to the user of his or her actions Control Relays for Configuration Purposes Approve or Decline Users Certification Software Components Microcontroller Voltmeter Circuit LCD Screen 2 line X 20 characters LCD System Flow Chart Push Button Voltmeter Circuit Switches to Switching Relays Microcontroller changes configurations Eliminates need for the user to know switch combination Configurations can switch when required or prompted automatically LCD/system Code Voltmeter Circuit(Feedback) Input Voltage (120-240) | Probes | Transformer | Full Wave Rectifier w/ Capacitor | Voltage Divider | A/D converter(microcontroller) Problems…. A/D Converter -5(A/D) Voltage +5(A/D) 115V-.284V(53) 120V 125V-.385V(77) 203V-1.85V(379) 208V 213V-1.87V(385) 235V-1.88V(388) 240V 245V-1.91V(397) PCB 2 Layer PCB .10” Traces Ground Plane Using PCB Express Schematic PCB Board Schematic PCB Board Microcontroller Vs. FPGA PIC16F876A ATmega168 FPGA Basys ATmega168 Features I/0 Pins Memory Type Program Memory (KB) EEPROM (Bytes) SRAM (KB) Operating Voltage ATmega168 23 FLASH 16 512 1 5.5 Volts PIC16F876A Features I/0 Pins Memory Type Program Memory (KB) EEPROM (Bytes) SRAM (KB) Operating Voltage PIC16F876A 22 FLASH 14 256 0.359 5.5 Volts FPGA Basys Features I/0 Pins Memory Type Program Memory (KB) EEPROM (Bytes) SRAM (KB) Operating Voltage FPGA Basys 24 FLASH 72 72 3.3 Volts Microcontroller Vs. FPGA Features ATmega168 I/0 Pins PIC16F876A FPGA Basys 23 22 24 FLASH FLASH FLASH Program Memory (KB) 16 14 72 EEPROM (Bytes) 512 256 - 1 0.359 72 5.5 Volts 5.5 Volts 3.3 Volts Memory Type SRAM (KB) Operating Voltage •ATmega168 Budget Part Switches Fuses Enclosure Three Phase Meter Box Single Phase Meter Box Potential Transformer Wiring Microcontroller Interface Volt Meter A/D converter Variable Transformer User Interface Keyboard Total: Development Immediate Cost Prototype $10 $10 $30 $140 $75 $60 $0 $60 $60 $30 $40 $0 $50 $0 $10 $10 $30 $140 $75 $60 $30 $60 $60 $30 $40 $100 $50 $30 $10 $10 $30 $140 $75 $60 $30 $60 $60 $30 $40 $100 $50 $30 $565.00 $725.00 $725.00 Budget Analysis Immediate Cost Keyboard 4% Switches 2% Fuses Enclosure 2% User Interface 4% 7% Switches Fuses Enclosure Three Phase Meter Box Three Phase Meter Box 19% Variable Transformer 14% Single Phase Meter Box Potential Transformer Wiring Microcontroller A/D converter 6% Volt Meter 4% Single Phase Meter Box 10% Interface 8% Microcontroller Wiring 8% 4% Interface Volt Meter A/D converter Variable Transformer User Interface Potential Transformer 8% Keyboard Budget Current Cost $550 Development Budget $565 Prototype Budget $725 Thanks Family Faculty Friends