Download Solar Roofing Systems - AIA

Solar Roofing Basics
AIA Presentation
Ken Schulte
-
DERBIGUM Energies Sales Manager
DERBIGUM Americas, Inc. is a Registered Provider with the American
Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA
members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members available
on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES
for continuing professional education. As
such, it does not include content that may be
deemed or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing, or dealing in
any material or product. Questions related to
specific materials, methods, and services will
be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
Upon completion of this program,
participants will be able to:
• Understand and explain how solar power is
generated
• Recognize the different varieties of
Photovoltaic panels
• Identify the advantages of triple junction
cells
• Discuss various system configurations
• Understand economic and environmental
advantages
• Light particle (Photon) strikes
PV cell
• Impacts PN junction in
semiconductor material
Negative
Electrode
Photons
• Knocks off two “charge
carriers”, one electron(-) and
one “hole”(+)
• Electron travels to negative
electrode
• Hole travels to positive electrode
• Electron enters circuit, does
“work” and travels back to Hole
completing circuit and
“neutralizes” charge
• Process repeats
PN Junction
Positive Electrode
Electrical Circuit
PV Cell
Electrical
Device
Inverter
• First Type of commercial cell
• Invented by Bell labs in 1954
• A wafer cut from a large, specially
grown, cylindrical silicon crystal
• Highest efficiency of currently
available PV
• Poor low-light tolerance
• Fragile
• Expensive
• Requires heavy frames and
support structures
• Made from multiple crystalline
sources
• Not as dependent on “perfect”
crystal growth
• Less Expensive than
monocrystallines
• 2-5% less efficient than
monocrystallines
• Extremely fragile
• Poor low-light tolerance
• Requires heavy frames and
support structures
• First generation thin-film
• Does not require crystalline silicon to
produce
• Relatively inexpensive to produce and
manufacture
• Tolerant to low-light conditions
• About 50% less efficient than
monocrystalline
• Easy to incorporate into windows and
skylights
• Glass substrate heavy and fragile
• Generally requires supportive
framework
• Has historical issues with
longevity/durability
•
2nd Generation thin-film
•
Doesn’t require crystalline silicon to
produce
•
Easier to manufacture than 1st generation
thin-film with about the same cost
•
Does not require any framing or support
structure
•
Low-light tolerant
•
More efficient than 1st Generation thinfilm
•
Much lighter than all other PV
•
Much more rugged than other PV types
•
Integrates easily after roofing membrane
installed
•
No history of excessive deterioration
•
Has adhesion issues
•
Still needs separate installation
The entire spectrum is
not available to single
junction solar cell
Silver Grid
Indium Tin Oxide
p-a-Si:H
Blue Cell
i-a-Si:H
n-a-Si:H
p
Green Cell
i-a-SiGe:H (~15%)
n
p
Red Cell
i-a-SiGe:H (~50%)
n
Textured Zinc Oxide
Silver
Stainless Steel Substrate
☼ Triple Junction
• Top cell has large bandgap
• Middle cell mid eV bandgap
• Bottom cell small bandgap.
☼ Absorbs light in three different spectral bands up to and
including UV
☼ More efficient design than single or double junction thin-film
☼ Works with moderate snow cover
☼ Adds only two deposition steps to manufacturing process
without adding significant increase in cost or materials
☼ Is currently unique in commercial PV panels
☼ Stand-Alone Systems - those systems which use
photovoltaic's technology only, and are not connected to a
utility grid.
☼ Hybrid Systems - those systems which use photovoltaic's
and some other form of energy, such as diesel generation or
wind.
☼ Grid-Tied Systems - those systems which are connected to
a utility grid.
☼ Determine the load (energy, not power)
• You should think of the load as being
supplied by photovoltaic system.
•
•
•
Machinery & Appliances
Consumption Reduction
Make a List
☼ Initial steps in the process include:
• Calculate the number of photovoltaic
modules required
•
•
•
Solar Irradiance
Solar Radiation
Peak Hours
☼ The BOS typically contains:
• Structures for mounting the PV
arrays or modules
• Power conditioning equipment
that massages and converts the
do electricity to the proper form
and magnitude required by an
alternating current (ac) load.
• Sometimes also storage
devices, such as batteries, for
storing PV generated electricity
during cloudy days and at night.
☼ Solar Photovoltaic Cells convert sunlight directly into
electricity
☼ They are sold on a $/Wp basis or $/power
☼ Wp is the power in Watts for Peak sun hours -- the
equivalent number of hours per day, with solar irradiance
equaling 1,000 W/m2, that gives the same energy
received from sunrise to sundown.
☼ To convert power to energy simply multiply by the
amount of time that the cell is illuminated
•
W * hr = 1 W-hr
☼ Electricity (energy) is normally billed $/kW-hr
☼ One stop shop for financial incentives is
www.dsireusa.org/
☼ The Database of State Incentives for Renewable
Energy (DSIRE) is a comprehensive source of
information on state, local, utility, and federal incentives
that promote renewable energy.
☼ Lists includes:
• Corporate Tax Incentives
• Direct Equipment Sales
• Grant Programs
• Leasing/Lease Purchase Programs
• Loan Programs
• Personal Income Tax Incentives
• Production Incentives
• Property Tax Incentives
• Rebate Programs
• Sales Tax Incentives
NanoMarkets, LC – Market Report July 2008
☼ During use - PV produce no :
• atmospheric emissions
• radioactive waste
☼ During use PV produce no greenhouse gases so it will help
offset CO2 emissions and global climate destabilization
• PV does have an embodied energy and embodied CO2
emissions
☼ PV curtails air pollution, which produces acid rain, soil
damage, and human respiratory ailments.
A 4 kWp solar energy array would prevent:
• 2.4 tons of coal from being burned
• 6.2 tons of CO2 = decreasing the greenhouse effect
• over 3,600 gallons of water from being used
• ~34 pounds each of NOx and SO2 from polluting the
atmosphere
• 1.8 pounds of particulates from causing a health hazard
(and no nuclear waste)
EACH YEAR - FOR 20+ YEARS!
• 100 miles by 100 miles in Nevada would provide
the equivalent of the entire US electrical demand
• Distributed (to sites with less sun) it would take
less than 25% of the area covered by US roads.
THANK YOU
for your time and attention.
This concludes The American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education Systems
Program
Contact DERBIGUM at
(800) 727-9872
[email protected],
www.DERBIGUM.com