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The Semiconductor Industry
Development
Bassam Shamoun
Applied Materials Company
26460 Corporate Avenue
Hayward, CA 94545
November 17, 2003
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Presentation Outline
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Birth of semiconductor industry
The industry evolution
Advancements
– Conception of first computer
– Development of first electronic computer
– Computer revolution
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Development of transistor
Development of integrated circuit
Chip manufacturing
Future computers
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Technology Breakthroughs
Technological Breakthroughs
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Significant technological breakthroughs usually results from seeking
a solution to a problem.
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Birth of Semiconductor Industry
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In 1890 U.S. census faced a serious problem. The Census Bureau
predicted the time to condense and correlate the collected data by
manual tabulation to be 10 years.
Since the length of time was not acceptable, the Census Bureau had
to sponsor a contest for a new method of processing census data.
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Birth of Semiconductor Industry (continues)
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Herman Hollerith submitted his winning invention of a mechanical
tabulating (card punching) machine driven by electrical motor, which
completed processing census data in 6 weeks.
Mr. Hollerith went on and formed Tabulating Machine Company,
which evolved into International Business Machines Corp. (IBM).
Card-punch machine
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The Industry Evolution
The Original Telegraph Machine
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The computation technology
continued to progress in the
1930s with the development
of “computers” using electromechanical switches used in
telegraphs.
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Advancements
The Conception of First Computer
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From Charles Babbage (English
investor) 1830’s idea, the First computer
(Mark I) was conceived.
Mark I was based on electromechanical
relays, The work was initiated by
Harvard University under the direction
of Howard Aiken in 1941. Mark I had
special programs to handle logarithms
and trigonometric functions.
Mathematicians were amazed at the
power of the Mark I, as it could, in one
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day, complete the task it would
take a
man six months.
Mark I Calculator
Advancements
The Development of First Electronic Computer
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2
occupied ~3000 ft , weighed 50 tones,
During world war II intelligent ENIAC
generated large quantities of heat, required the
machines were developed to
service of small power station and cost $500,000.
crack secret codes.
In 1946, The Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC), under the
direction of J.P. Eckert and
John Mauchly of the
University of Pennsylvania,
was the first digital computer
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built.
Advancements
The Computer Revolution Continued
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ENIAC was a thousand times faster
than any previous machine; however, it
required a constant monitoring.
Mauchly and Eckert sold out the
company to Remington Rand, of
substantial financial resources. Rand’s
completed their first project UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer), which
made the computer "automatic "
UNIVAC was was delivered to the
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Census Bureau in March of
1951.
UNIVAC
The Computer Advancement Continued
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The development of the "stored
memory“ in the UNIVAC prompted
Grace Hopper, a naval engineer, to
begin work on a program which
converted english to binary, the
computer language today.
As a result, people would no longer
have to use "machine language” in
writing programs, which sped up the
programming by enormous
amounts.
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Binary System
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
The Computer Revolution
Development of Transistor
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In 1945, three engineers from Bell Lab
(William Shockley, John Bardeen,
and Walter Brattain) revolutionized
the world of computers by developing
a small, more efficient device of
transferring electrical impulses.
The transistor replaced the previous
vacuum tube, which was the base of all
computers, and electronic equipment.
This technology gave birth to the
Integrated Circuit, making the market
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for Personal Computer to take off.
First transistor built on workbench
at Bell laboratories.
This transistor
was possibly
the first ever
commercially
available
The Computer Revolution
Development of Integrated Circuit (IC)
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The dominance of discrete devices in solid-state came to an end in
1959 when Jack Kilby, a new engineer at Texas Instrument in
Dallas, Texas formed a complete circuit on a single piece of
semiconductor material, germanium, combining several components
in one called Integrated Circuit (IC). Kilby's invention
revolutionized the electronics industry.
Kilby’s first IC
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The Computer Revolution
Development of Integrated Circuit (IC) continued
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Separate but dense circuit wires were used to test chip designs of
electronic components before a prototype is etched into a silicon
wafer and interconnects.
Interconnects etched into a Si-wafer.
Connection through wires.
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How Computer Chips are Manufactured?
Materials
preparation
Sand
Crystal Growth
&
Wafer Prep
Wafer
Fabrication
Packaging
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Manufacturing of Computer Chip (continued)
Mask Production System.
SCALPEL Mask Pattern Generator
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E-Beam Mask Pattern Generator
Manufacturing of Computer Chip
Wafer Production System.
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Manufacturing of computer chip
Wafer Production System.
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Future Computers
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