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History of Computers Necessity is the Mother of Invention Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 1 First Attempts at Counting Systems Chalkmarks - scratches on wall Roman Numerals – mark for groups of numbers I,V,C,D Decimal System – base 10 – invented by Hindus, century or two AD – adopted and improved by Arabs - 7th century – Mohammed ibn Mûsâ al-Khowârizmî ~ 825 – Dutch Army Quartermaster adds digits to right of decimal in 15th century Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 2 Early Computing Aids Counting Board – rocks on grooves in board or stone tablets – 5000 years BC Abacus – beads string on wires – positional math – 3500 years BC – still in use today Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 3 Napier's Bones John Napier – 1614 portable multiplication tool – ivory rods with triangular grids that when laid side by side would show answer to multiplication problem lead to development of the slide rule by Edmund Gunter in 1620 Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 4 Pascaline Blaise Pascal – French mathematician and philosopher – father was tax collector – programming language named for him 1642 cogs and wheels could add and subtract – unsuccessfully marketed – mechanical accuracy problems Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 5 Stepped Reckoner Gottfried Von Leibniz – Prussian mathematician – independently invented Calculus could add, subtract, multiply and divide 1671 started, finished in 1694 better acceptance than pascaline accepted by Emperor of China, Czar of Russia (Peter the Great) and the French Academy of Science Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 6 Industrial Revolution Started in England in 1760, completed by 1830 Enlightened people as to what machines could do Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 7 Joseph Jacquard Loom Jacquard – French silk weaver 1801 designs for silk created by punched wooden cards – cards connected to form "belt" so design could be repeated many times by 1812, 11,000 looms in France alone Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 8 Difference Engine Charles Babbage (1791-1871) – Rich, eccentric genius 1822-1830 was to be used to produce star tables for navigation and be powered by steam funded by British Govt. $7000 funding cut off in 1842 a machine based on Difference engine was completed in 1855 Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 9 Analytical Engine Charles Babbage's second idea started 1833 had input device, output device, control unit, internal storage and a processor never finished due to lack of technology built several years ago from historical notes and ran without modification was to use punched card idea of Jacquard's Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 10 Concept of Programming Ada Augusta Lovelace (1815-1852) – daughter of Lord Byron – first programmer – mathematical education DOD language named Ada after her recorded all information and diagrams on analytical engine wrote the program for the analytical engine even though it was never utilitzed or tested Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 11 George Boolean Algebra Boole (1815-1864) – English 1854 built on premise that everything can be expressed in terms of true/false basis for use of binary arithmetic in computer ignored until 1910 AND OR truth tables Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 12 Important sidelights C. Sholes invents typewriter between 1867 and 1873 – Marketed by Remington W.S. Burroughs invents the first modern adding machine - 1886 – Founds the Burroughs company Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 13 U.S. Census 1880 Census took 7 years 1890 Census was expected to take 11 Census Bureau approaches Herman Hollerith at University of Pennsylvania Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 14 Hollerith Cards Herman Hollerith (1860-1926) – invented a series of machines based on punched cards became head of Census and later formed Tabulating Machine Company (which was to become IBM) cut time for census from 7 yr to 2 1/2 yr 1890 6 weeks - 60,000,000 cards punched paper cards for data input Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 15 Vacuum Tubes Lee DeForest – 1908 – American – "Father of Modern Electronic Communications" Diode in 1904 Triode in 1907 instead of just controlling flow of electricity, could amplify it or completely switch it on or off Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 16 Electronic Era General time frame – Alan Turing (1924-44) - Colossus – Vannevar Bush (1930) – Howard Aiken (1937) – Conrad Zuse (1930’s-1944) - Z1-Z4 – J.V. Atanasoff (1930’s) Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 17 Collossus 1940's British used to decode German messages done by Enigma (German encoder) war effort so was secret - wasn't mentioned until 20 years later used 1800 vacuum tubes Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 18 Vannevar Bush Large analog computer Built at MIT - 1930 Built to solve differential equations Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 19 Automatic Sequence Calculator Funded by IBM at Harvard H. H. Aiken 11 or 23 digit arithmetic Controlled by paper tape 23 digit multiplication in 4.5 seconds 8 feet high, 51 feet long 3 million electrical connections Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 20 Z1 Through Z4 Konrad Zuse German 1930's through 1944 automatic calculating machines none survived the war Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 21 ABC Atanasoff Berry Computer John V. Atanasoff Professor of Physics at Iowa State "Father of the Modern Computer" worked with Clifford Berry, Grad Student $650 grant was to solve 23 simultaneous equations due to war, ISU forgot to register patent after lawsuit in 1973, ABC is recognized as the "First Electronic Digital Computer" vacuum tubes and binary math Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 22 ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert University of Pennsylvania 1943 designed to solve ballistic equations for Navy 1946-1955 Mauchly got many of the ideas from the ABC Founded UNIVAC which was acquired by Remington Rand Co. Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 23 ENIAC 18,000 vacuum tubes Filled a 30 by 50 room 30 tons and two stories high Cost $486,840 in 1946 5,000 additions per second 6,000 multi-position switches 100,000 pulses per second Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 24 ENIAC in 1952 7,247 logged hours – 3,491 production – 1,061 problem setup and checking – 195.3 idle – 651 scheduled engineering – 1,847.8 unscheduled engineering 90% 19,000 was finding and fixing tubes tubes were replaced in 1952 Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 25 EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer Built at Cambridge U. (England) Wilkis was a student of Mauchly & Eckert and familiar with von Neumann First computer to be able to store a program in memory (beat US by few months) Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 26 EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer John von Neumann (with Mauchly & Eckert) University of Pennsylvania for US Army 1951 became operational change from decimal to binary number system could store program in memory used until December 1962 Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 27 UNIVAC First commercial computer Start of the "First Generation“ First two were sold to Census Bureau and next one to GE Engineering Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 28 Computer Generations Four main divisions in computer hardware advancements (technology) some believe we are starting the fifth division to see development, need to compare the characteristics of each generation Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 29 Generation Characteristics time period technology operation time cost per function processing speed Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill memory size in bytes mean time between failure auxiliary units examples of models languages used 30 First Generation Time Period -- 1951-1958 Technology – logic unit -- vacuum tubes primary memory -- magnetic drums input devices -- card-oriented Cost per function -- $5.00 Processing speed -- 2000 ins/sec Memory Size in Bytes -- 1000-4000 Mean Time between Failures -- minutes to hours Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 31 First Generation (Continued) Auxiliary units – punched card-oriented Examples of models sold – UNIVAC 1 – IBM 701 Languages – machine and assembly Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 32 Second Generation Time Period -- 1959-1964 Technology – logic unit -- transistors, invented by Schockley, Bardeen and Brattain primary memory -- magnetic cores input devices -- tape-oriented Operation time -- microseconds Cost per function -- $0.50 Processing speed -- 1 million ins/sec Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 33 Second Generation (Cont.) Memory size in bytes -- 4000-32,000 Mean time between failures -- days Auxiliary units -- tape-oriented Examples of models sold – UNIVAC M460 – IBM 700 series – PDP1 - PDP8 Languages LISP -- FORTRAN, COBOL, Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 34 Third Generation Time Period -- 1965-1970 Technology -- logic unit (integrated circuit) primary memory -- integrated circuit input devices -- magnetic disk-oriented time-sharing Operation time -- nanoseconds Cost per function -- $0.05 Processing speed -- 10 million ins/sec Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill Memory size in bytes -- 32,000-3,000,000 35 Third Generation (Cont.) Mean time between failures -- daysweeks Auxiliary units -- disk-oriented Examples of models sold – IBM 360 – PDP 11 Languages – PL/1 – 1995-2005 FORTH Copyright Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 36 Fourth Generation Time Period -- 1971-1990 Technology -- logic unit VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated circuits) primary memory -- VLSI input/secondary memory -- disk, bubble Operation time -- nanoseconds or picoseconds Cost per function -- $.01 to $0.0001 Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 37 Fourth Generation (Cont.) Memory size in bytes -- 3,000,000+ Mean time between failures -- weeks to months Auxiliary units -- disk and mass storage Examples of models sold – micros - Apple, IBM/PC – mini - Digital (VAX) Languages -- Structured High Level Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill – Pascal, C, Ada 38 Fifth Generation Time Period -- 1990 to present Technology – Single chip CPUs – Little difference in speed between mainframes and PCs Processing speed -- gigahertz Memory size -- 100M and up Auxiliary units -- touch screens, voice, transparent interfaces Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 39 Fifth Generation (Cont.) Examples -- Our laptop Languages – OOP (Object-oriented programming) – C++ – Natural languages Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 40 Personal Computers 1975 to 1981 Kenbak-1 - $750 – 40 machines made and sold 1971 – All TTL chips Altair - first popular micro sold – named after "Star Trek" destination – Edward Roberts (March 1974) – Structure: 1 CPU (8080), 256 characters of memory, switches and lights for I/O – sold for $397.00 Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 41 Apple Computers Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs belonged to one of earliest and most active computer clubs - Homebrew Computer Club in Northern Calif 1977 in garage while both teenagers marketing strategy - give to schools, then students (and parents) will want to buy them for home Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 42 Other Firsts 1971 -- "floppy" disk 1978 -- electronic spreadsheet VisiCalc 1979 -- commercial word processor WordStar 1981 -- IBM personal computer – shipping rate rose to 1 million units/mo 1983 -- LOTUS 1-2-3 comes to market Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill 43
