Download Introduction to Information Technology Mind Tools for Your Future

Chapter 5
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Using Information
Technology
1
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
5.1
Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility
5.2
The System Unit
5.3
Secondary Storage
5.4
Future Developments in Processing & Storage
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
How to Buy a Multimedia Computer
System
2
5.1 Microchips,
Miniaturization, & Mobility
From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors to Microchips
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Transistor - a tiny
electrically operated
switch, or gate, that
can alternate
between “on” and
“off” many millions of
times per second
1940s vacuum tube towering
over 1950s transistor
3
1
Make large
drawing. Reduce
drawing hundreds
of times to
microscopic size.
2
Duplicate reduced
photo many times
on sheet.
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Steps in Manufacture of a
Microchip
4
3
Print sheet of
multiple copies on
a wafer made of
silicon, a
semiconductor.
4
Print layer after
layer above and
below original
silicon surface.
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Steps in Manufacture of a
Microchip
5
5
Cut wafer
into chips.
6
Mount chip in
frame with
connective
pins
extruding.
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Steps in Manufacture of a
Microchip
6
Miniaturization Miracles:
Microchips, Microprocessors, &
Micromachines
•
Memory
•
Logic
•
Communications
•
Graphics
•
Math
•
Microprocessor
•
Microcontroller
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Types of microchips:
7
The Binary System: Using On/Off
Electrical States to Represent Data
&
Instructions
• The binary system
• Bit - binary digit
• Byte - group of 8 bits
used to represent one
character, digit, or
other value
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
has only two digits--0
and 1.
8
The Binary System: Using On/Off
Electrical States to Represent Data
& Instructions
• Kilobyte 1000 bytes
• Megabyte
1,000,000 bytes (one million)
• Terabyte 1 trillion bytes
• Petabyte 1 quadrillion bytes
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Gigabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes (one billion)
9
The Binary System: Using On/Off
Electrical States to Represent Data
& Instructions
l EBCDIC - used with
large computers
l Unicode - uses two
bytes for each
character rather than
one
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
l ASCII - the binary
code most widely
used with
microcomputers
10
The Parity Bit
Parity bit - an extra bit attached to the end of a byte for
purposes of checking for accuracy
l Odd parity sum of bits
must come
out odd
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
l Even parity sum of bits
must come
out even
Even parity scheme
11
• Machine language - a
binary-type
programming
language that the
computer can run
directly
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Machine Language
12
The Computer Case: Bays,
Buttons & Boards
• System unit houses the
motherboard, power
supply, and storage
devices
• Case - empty box
with just power
supply
Overhead view of system unit
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Bay - a shelf or
opening used for the
installation of
electronic equipment
13
Power Supply
UPS
• Types of power
protection devices:
• Surge protector
• Voltage regulator
• UPS
Surge
protector
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Power supply - a
device that converts
AC to DC to run the
computer
14
The Motherboard & the
Microprocessor Chip
• Expansion - increasing a
computer’s capabilities by
adding hardware
• Upgrading - changing to
newer, more powerful
versions
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Motherboard - the main
circuit board in the
system unit
15
The Motherboard & the
Microprocessor Chip
1 CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) Supports a large number of instructions at
relatively low processing speeds
2 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)
- Supports a reduced number of instructions
in order to obtain faster processing speeds
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Two principal architectures or designs of
microprocessors:
16
The Motherboard & the
Microprocessor Chip
1 Intel-type chips made by Intel, AMD, and
others
2 Motorola-type chips made by Motorola for
Apple Macintosh computers
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Two kinds of microprocessors used in most
personal computers today:
17
Processing Speeds: From Megahertz to
Picoseconds
Microcomputers
X
X
MIPS
X
X
FLOPS
Fractions of
a second
Supercomputers
X
X
X
X
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Megahertz
& Gigahertz
Workstation
Mainframes
s
18
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
How the Processor or CPU works:
Control Unit, ALU, & Registers
19
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
How the Processor or CPU works:
Control Unit, ALU, & Registers
Machine cycle
20
How Memory Works: RAM, ROM,
CMOS, & Flash
•
Types of memory
chips:
RAM - Random
Access Memory,
used to temporarily
hold software
instructions and data
2 ROM
3 CMOS
4 Flash
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
1
21
How Memory Works: RAM, ROM,
CMOS, & Flash
1 RAM
2 ROM - Read-Only Memory, which cannot be
written on or erased by the computer user.
Contains fixed start-up instructions
3 CMOS
4 Flash
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Types of memory chips:
22
How Memory Works: RAM, ROM,
CMOS, & Flash
1 RAM
2 ROM
3 CMOS - Complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor; powered by a battery and thus
doesn’t lose its contents when the power is off
4 Flash
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Types of memory chips:
23
How Memory Works: RAM, ROM,
CMOS, & Flash
1
2
3
4
RAM
ROM
CMOS
Flash - can be erased and reprogrammed more
than once
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Types of memory chips:
24
How Cache Works: Level 1
(Internal) & Level 2 (External)
•Cache - temporary storage for instructions and
data that the processor is likely to use frequently,
thus speeding up processing
•Level 2 (L2) cache - consists of RAM chips
outside microprocessor
•Virtual memory - free hard-disk space used to
extend the capacity of RAM
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
•Level 1 (L1) cache - built into the microprocessor
25
Other Methods of Speeding Up
Processing:
Interleaving, Bursting, & Pipelining
•Bursting - a process in which the CPU grabs a
block of information at a time, on the assumption
that the next address requested will be sequential
to the previous one
•Pipelining - division of large tasks into a series of
smaller overlapping ones
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
•Interleaving - a process in which the CPU
alternates communication between two or more
memory banks
26
Ports & Cables
1 Serial port - sends bits one at a time, one after
another
2 Parallel port
3 SCSI port
4 USB port
5 Dedicated port
6 Infrared port
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Types of ports:
27
1 Serial port
2 Parallel port transmits 8 bits
simultaneously
3 SCSI port
4 USB port
5 Dedicated port
6 Infrared port
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Ports & Cables
28
1 Serial port
2 Parallel port
3 SCSI port - allows
data to be
transmitted in a
“daisy chain” to
up to 7 devices
4 USB port
5 Dedicated port
6 Infrared port
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Ports & Cables
29
Ports & Cables
Serial port
Parallel port
SCSI port
USB port - can
theoretically connect
up to 127 peripheral
devices daisychained to one
general-purpose port
5 Dedicated port
6 Infrared port
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
1
2
3
4
30
Ports & Cables
Serial port
Parallel port
SCSI port
USB
Dedicated port special-purpose
ports
6 Infrared port
Dedicated ports: mouse port,
modem port, and keyboard port
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
1
2
3
4
5
31
1
2
3
4
5
6
Serial port
Parallel port
SCSI port
USB
Dedicated port - specialpurpose ports
Infrared port - allows a
computer to make a
cableless connection
with infrared-capable
devices
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Ports & Cables
32
Expandability: Buses & Cards
• Expansion cards circuit boards that
provide more
memory or that
control peripheral
devices
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Expansion slotssockets on the
motherboard into
which you can plug
expansion cards
33
Expandability: Buses & Cards
•PCI bus - for higher-speed uses; used to connect
graphics cards, sound cards, modems, and highspeed network cards
•AGP bus - for even higher speeds and 3D
graphics
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
•ISA bus - for ordinary low-speed uses; the most
widely used expansion bus
34
Expandability: Buses & Cards
•Graphics cards - for monitors
•Modem cards - for remote communication via
phone lines
•Network interface cards - for remote
communication via cable
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
•Sound cards - for speakers and audio output
•PC cards - for laptop computers
35
5.3 Secondary Storage
• Floppy disk - a
removable flat piece
of mylar plastic
packaged in a 3.5inch plastic case
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Floppy Disks
36
Floppy-Disk Cartridges
• Zip disks - 100 or 250
Mb
• HiFD disks - 200 Mb
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• SuperDisks - 120 Mb
37
• Hard disks - thin but
rigid metal platters
covered with a
substance that allows
data to be held in the
form of magnetized
spots
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Hard Disks
38
Hard Disks
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Head crash - event that happens when the
surface of the read/write head or particles on
its surface come into contact with the surface
of the hard-disk platter, causing the loss of
some or all of the data on the disk
39
Hard Disks
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Nonremovable hard disks - housed in a
microcomputer system unit and used to store
nearly all programs and most data files
40
• Removable hard
disks - one or two
platters enclosed
along with read/write
heads in a hard
plastic case, which is
inserted into a
microcomputer’s
cartridge drive
Bits on disk - dark stripes are 0
bits and bright stripes are 1 bits
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Hard Disks
41
Hard-Disk Technology for Large
Computer Systems
•Removable packs - 6-20 hard disks aligned one
above the other in a sealed unit
•RAID storage system - two or more disk drives
within a single cabinet which sends data to the
computer along several parallel paths
simultaneously
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
•Fixed-disk drive - high-speed, high-capacity disk
drives that are sealed in their own cabinets
42
Optical Disks: CDs & DVDs
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Optical disk - a removable disk on which data is
written and read through the use of laser beams
43
Optical Disks: CDs & DVDs
• CD-R - for
recording on once
• CD-RW - for
rewriting many
times
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• CD-ROM - read
only. For prerecorded text,
graphics, and
sound
44
Optical Disks: CDs & DVDs
• DVD-ROM - for reading
only
• For rewriting many times:
•
•
•
DVD-RW
DVD-RAM
DVD+RW
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• DVD-R - for recording on
once
45
Magnetic Tape
• Tape cartridges modules resembling
audio cassettes that
contain tape in
rectangular, plastic
housings
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Magnetic tape - thin
plastic tape coated with a
substance that can be
magnetized (for 1s) or left
non-magnetized (for 0s)
46
Smart Cards
• Optical card - plastic,
laser-recordable,
wallet-type card used
with an optical-card
reader
Smart card in use
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Smart card - looks
like a credit card but
contains a
microprocessor
embedded in the card
47
• Flash memory
card - circuitry
on credit-cardsize PC card
that can be
inserted into
slots connecting
to the
motherboard
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
Flash Memory Cards
48
Online Secondary Storage
• @Backup
• Personal Vault
• SafeGuard Interactive
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Connected Online Backup
49
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
5.4 Future Developments in
Processing & Storage
50
Future Developments in
Processing
• DSP chips - processors for the post-PC era
• Nanotechnology
• DNA computing
• Quantum computing
• Other possibilities - molecular and dot computers
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Optical computing
51
Future Developments in Secondary
Storage
• Higher-density disks
• The age of “storewidth”
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
• Molecular electronics - storage at the subatomic
level
52