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CS 352 Computer Organization & Design Fall 2010 Hardware /nm./: the part of the computer that you can kick. Teaching Staff • Professor Dan Ernst – Office Hours: • Wednesday 1:00pm – 3:00pm • Thursday 9:30am – 11:30am • … or by appointment – Phillips 139 – [email protected] CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 2 Goals of the course • To understand how computer systems are organized – Instruction set architecture – Processor microarchitecture – Systems architecture • To gain skill in evaluating these systems for the purposes of: – – – – making intelligent design decisions making intelligent programming decisions *new* making smart purchasing decisions whatever other purposes you put it to CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 3 Where does CS 352 fit in our curriculum? • Software view – CS 145 245 255 – Turning specs into high level language • Hardware view – CS 278 (optional) – electricity transistors gates functional units • CS 352 Builds on both of these – How do we take high-level language and actually compute it? – How do we build a computing device? (based on digital logic?) • Prereqs: CS 255 ( Discrete Structures & Algorithms – Java ) CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 4 Grading in 352 • Assignments (40% total) – 3 programming assignments – C++ • Purpose is not to teach you how to program – Design project and paper (These are somewhat subject to change!) • Three exams (40% total) – 2 midterms + 1 final – Final exam is at least marginally comprehensive • In-class activities/Quizzes ( ~8 -10 – 20% total) • Attendance not directly counted towards grade – If you’re not here, you’re still responsible for what comes out of my mouth CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 5 CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 6 A picture is worth 1000 words… (or a billion transistors) CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 7 Managing Complexity with Abstraction • Designers deal with the extreme complexity of microprocessors by using abstraction. – Focus only on 1-2 levels of abstraction at a time – Similar to OOD • Don’t need to know how the module works, just that it does work. – And the interface CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 8 Be Disciplined with Abstraction • Just having abstraction isn’t enough, we need to use it • When designing (HW or SW), take advantage of abstraction by using the properties of: – Hierarchy – Break designs down to manageable pieces – Modularity – Keep your pieces self-contained with well-defined interfaces – Regularity – Make modules “standardized”, and therefore reusable CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 9 Levels of Abstraction in a Computer System hardware software Apps Applications – Generic Software O/S Operating System – Controlling Software Arch Architecture – HW/SW Interface mArch marchitecture – High-level organization Logic Digital Logic – Building-block Modules Digital Digital Circuits – Continuous Discrete Analog Analog Circuits – Fun with Electricity Devices Devices – Transistors, Capacitors, etc. Physics Physical Properties – Electrons, Ions, etc. CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 10 What would you say is the greatest invention of the 20th century? (ABC News poll, 1999) Top responses Computers ??? Automobile Electricity Television Telephone/Telecommunications Airplane Medicines/Vaccinations CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire % 30 12 9 9 7 4 4 Dan Ernst 11 Computer Pre-history • Charles Babbage • • Analytical Engine Started in 1834 – – • Worked on until his death in 1871 Never Finished No Hertz Rating Heinrich Hertz 1857-1894 • • Driven by a steam engine As designed, was Turing-complete As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science. CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 12 What would you say is the greatest invention of the 20th century? (ABC News poll, 1999) Top responses Computers ??? Automobile Electricity Television Telephone/Telecommunications Airplane Medicines/Vaccinations % 30 12 9 9 7 4 4 “The transistor; without it, the XBOX would probably be the size of a city.” - nate66, some xbox forum CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 13 Introduction of Microelectronics • Miniaturization of immense proportions Transistor: This is an abbreviated combination of the words "transconductance" or "transfer", and "varistor". The device logically belongs in the varistor family, and has the transconductance or transfer impedance of a device having gain, so that this combination is descriptive. — Bell Telephone Laboratories — Technical Memorandum (May 28, 1948) Integrated Circuit: Miniaturized electronic circuit manufactured in a thin layer of semiconductor material. CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 14 Moore’s Law CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 15 The Power of Miniaturization EDSAC 1 (1949) ~ 500 OPs CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Pentium 4 (2002) ~ 12 GFLOPs 24,000,000 times faster Dan Ernst 16 Analog Circuits – Electrons in Motion Apps s d O/S s g The NMOS Transistor Arch d mArch Logic s g d s g d Digital Analog Devices Physics CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 17 The Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Apps s g O/S Arch mArch The NMOS Transistor d Logic Digital Analog Devices Physics CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Dan Ernst 18 The Most Powerful Abstraction Apps O/S Arch mArch Logic Digital Analog Devices Input Output 0 1 1 0 Physics CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire From here on out: ~ Max voltage = 1 ~ Low voltage = 0 Dan Ernst 19