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PLD Basics
September, 00
1
Agenda
Basic Logic Tutorial
Gal / Architecture
CPLD / Architecture
ISP
Software
Packaging
September, 00
2
Digital Logic Tutorial
September, 00
3
Key Poitns
• Digital Logic Uses Only Two Values: 1 and 0
• 1 and 0 usually represent a voltage
• Example
– Digital 1 = 5 volts
– Digital 0 = 0 volts
OR
– 1 = ON, 0 = Off
– 1 = True, 0 = False
September, 00
4
Boolean Basics
• Manipulation of digital values is done by Boolean Algebra
• Boolean algebra uses primarily AND / OR functions
• Boolean equation: TRUE OR FALSE = TRUE
• Programmable logic implements the AND / OR functions in
hardware
September, 00
5
Basic Gates
• A gate performs a logic function in hardware
• Three basic PLD gate types
– AND gates
– OR gates
– Exclusive-OR (XOR) gates
• Gates can have any number of inputs
September, 00
6
AND Gate Example
• Output of an AND gate is TRUE only if all inputs are TRUE
– In a 2 input gate both switches must be on to turn the light on
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
OFF
September, 00
7
ON
Or Gate Example
• Output of OR Gate Is TRUE if ANY Input is TRUE
– If Either Switch Is ON, The Light Will Trun ON
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
September, 00
8
ON
XOR Gate Example
• Output of XOR Gate Is TRUE Only of One Input Is TRUE
– If Only One Switch Is ON, The Light Will Turn ON
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
September, 00
9
OFF
Basic Gates Summary
Truth Table
(OFF-0, ON-1)
SW1
SW2
SW1
SW2
SW1
SW2
September, 00
10
SW1
SW2
Light
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
SW1
SW2
Light
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
ON
ON
SW1
SW2
Light
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
Light = SW1 * SW2
Light = SW1 # SW2
Light = SW1 $ SW2
PLD Symbols
• AND Gate Representations
A
– Traditional Representation
B
D
C
Input Terms
– PLD Representation
A
B
C
D
• PLD Connections
– Hardwired Connection
– Programmed Connection
– No Connection Made
September, 00
11
Typical PLD Structure
Input Terms
A
B
C
Product Terms
D
A
B
C
B
D
Output
September, 00
12
Output
Registers and Clocks
• Registers Store a Digital Value
• Values Move From Input To Output With Clock Transition
• D = Incoming Data
• Q = Outgoing Data
• CLK = Clock Input; Causes Data Movement
D
Q
CLK
0
0
0
CLK
September, 00
13
D
0
1
1
0
0
Q
0
0
1
1
0
Typical GAL Logic Structure
Input Terms
A
B
C
Product Terms
Output Enable
...
Registered or
Combinatorial
D
Q
Feedback
September, 00
14
Basic GAL Structure
Macrocell
Macrocell
Macrocell
Macrocell
Gal Macrocell
Macrocell
Macrocell
Macrocell
Macrocell
September, 00
15
GAL Devices
• Low density GAL product families: 16/20V8, 18/22V10/26V12,
20RA10, 20XV10, 6001/6002. Families are organized based on
architectural layout and a common Output Logic Macro Cell
(OLMC). Pin counts and array sizes are all that change across a
family.
• Lattice GAL devices have Macro Cell counts from 8 to 39 and
package sizes from 20 pins to 28 pins.
• All GAL devices have registered or combinatorial options, OE
control, and selectable output polarity.
September, 00
16
GAL Devices
• There are also various flavors of each device type.
–
–
–
–
–
An L in the product name is a low voltage (3.3V) device.
Zero power devices are either Z or ZD, such as 22LV10ZD.
A VP indicates high drive outputs, such as the 16VP8.
The ispGAL16Z8 was the worlds first ISP PLD.
There is also a Confusion Letter, which roughly indicates the process and
technology that the device is based on.
• Appended to each device type are speed, power, package, etc.
– Device speed grades are by TPD in ns. (HD devices are graded by Fmax in MHz.)
– Power dissipation (standard, Low, and Quarter), package type (Pdip, Jlcc, Soic),
and Temp/VCC range are appended to device names such as 16LV8C-5LJI for 5nS,
low power, PLCC, Industrial.
September, 00
17
PAL Vs. GAL
• PAL:
– Programmable Array Logic.
– Registers, feedback paths, dynamic I/O, and both output polarities are available.
– There are dozens of different devices each with a fixed architecture. For
example, a PAL16H2 has 16 inputs and 2 combinatorial outputs each with 8 PTs
per OR gate. Output polarity is positive.
• GAL:
– Generic Array Logic.
– GALs are a superset of PALs. A few GAL devices cover all PAL architectures and
hundreds of other possible configurations.
– GALs add extremely flexible routing and complete reconfigurability.
– The structure of GAL devices allows them to replace many PALs with various IO,
input and register counts. Therefore, extra programmable areas known as
architecture rows are needed for device configuration. There are global
configuration modes and well as individual MacroCell options.
September, 00
18
High Density Logic Overview
September, 00
19
ispLSI Heritage
• The ispLSI Architecture Has Its Origins In The GAL Family
• The Best Features Of The GAL Family Have Been Blended Toghter
–
–
–
–
–
September, 00
20
GAL16V8:
GAL22V10
GAL20XV10
GAL20RA10
GAL6002:
Output Logic Macrocell (OLMC)
More Product Terms
Exclusive OR Gate (XOR)
Asynchronous Clocking
Input Registers and Product Term Sharing
CPLD Structure
Modified Gal Structure
Global Routing Pool
(Interconnect)
September, 00
21
ispLSI Archtiecture
Key GAL Features
16V8
22V10 20XV10
Prog. Variable XOR
Macrocell Product
Term
Distribution
20RA10
6002
Asynch Prod. Term
Clocks Sharing/
Input
Registers
ispLSI
GLB
18XVRA4
September, 00
22
High Density Structure
• Simple Lattice definition: High Density (HD) devices are those with
1000 or more PLD gates and packages exceeding 28 pins. Our HD
devices are Complex PLDs (CPLDs).
• HD devices are essentially many identical GAL sized blocks that are
repeated to form larger devices.
• There is a portion of the device dedicated to routing signals
between logic blocks called the Global Routing Pool (GRP)
• In GAL terms, the basic GLB (1K, 2K families) is a fancy 18V4.
– The logic in the GLB contains most of the features available in the entire GAL
family, but on a smaller, more limited scale.
» PT clocking
» XOR functions
» 20 wide OR
» PT reset
– Much of the logic is mutually exclusive and gets ‘burned’ as other logic is used.
This is overcome by having many GLBs.
September, 00
23
High Density Structure
• Megablock/Megacell based.
– A Megablock contains 8 GLBs.
– Devices in a family are built from whole Megablocks.
• The Global Routing Pool (GRP) is the only means to get signals
from one GLB to the next and to get the IO cells to the GLBs.
• External pins such as CLK pins, RESET, and GOE are globally fed
to all GLBs.
• The only other global signals are internally generated clocks and
OE’s (differ by family and device).
September, 00
24
CPLDs and FPGAs
September, 00
25
High Density Logic Overview
FPGA
HDPLD or CPLD
A
B
C
•
Field Programmable Gate Arrays
•
High-Density or Complex PLDs
– Small Logic Building Blocks
– Register Intensive
– Distributed Interconnect
– Large Logic Building Blocks
– PLD-Like Ardchitectures
– Centralized Interconnect
– Slow, Unpredictable, Performance
– Good at “Narrow Gating” Funcitions
» Datapath
» Random Logic
– Fast Predictable Performance
– Good at “Wide Gating” Functions
» State Machines
» Coutners
FPGAs and CPLDs Can Compliment One Another In the Same Design!
September, 00
26
Major PLD Suppliers
FPGAs
CPLDs
Company
Family
Technology
Company
Family
Technology
Altera
10K
8K
6K
Apex
XC2K
XC3K
XC4K
XCS (Spartan)
Virtex
SRAM
SRAM
Lattice
1K
2K
3K
5K
6K
8K
GDX
GAL
GDS
Mach
7K
9K
9500
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
E2
Xilinx
SRAM
SRAM
SRAM
SRAM
SRAM
SRAM
Altera
Xilinx
September, 00
27
Technology Comparisons
E2CMOS
Flash
SRAM
Antifuse
Reprogrammability
Yes
Yes
Yes
NO
In-System Programmable
Yes
Yes
Yes
NO
Feature
(Volatile)
Program Time
Fast
Med.
Fast
Slow
Fast
N/A (OTP)
Testability
Full
Full
Full
Limited
External Hardware
No
No
EPROM
Pgmr
Erase Time
Other
September, 00
28
Fast
Start up
Delay
Slow
The GDX
September, 00
29
Multiplexer
IN A
(1)
Output
• Commonly called a MUX
IN B
(0)
• An electronic selectable
switch
Control (1 or 0)
• GDX(V) Building blocks: 4
inputs, 1 output, 2 control
September, 00
30
Mux
• Simplest Form: 2 inputs, 1
output, and 1 control
Register
ispGDX/V Functional Diagram
• Simmilar to CPLD
• Specialized Functionality
– Dynamic routing of signals
– No dedicated logic
September, 00
31
Global
Routing
Pool
(GRP)
Boundary
Scan
Control
I/O Cell Bank B
I/O Cell Bank A
ISP
Control
I/O Cell Bank A
– Centralized Routing Pool
» Consistent timing
– Non Volatile
– Registers available on output
– Small ammounts of logic possible
I/O Cell Bank D
BFW in Crosspoint Switch Application
System-level
Representation
(2 X 2) x 1 bit Switch
CPLD
Implementation
Logical
Representation
Sel1 Sel0
B
A
A
C
B
Pt
A
B
1
1
1
Sel0
C
1
D
A
D
B
Sel1
0
X
A
X
1
B
X
0
X
X
A
A to D
1
X
B
X
B to D
C
B
Sel0
September, 00
32
B to C
P
T
S
A
C
P
T
S
A
D
• One PT Per Input Port
• One Macrocell Per Output Port
GDX/V Implementation
A
A to C
X
• One Mux Input Per Input Port
• 4 Input Ports Max. Per GDX
• 16 Input Ports Max. Per GDXV
• One I/O Cell Per Output
Telecom Aplications (PDP)
Input Registers
1
Channel
Channel
Channel
Channel
1
2
3
4
Channel
Channel
Channel
Channel
5
6
7
8
4:1
MUX
5
4:1
MUX
4:1
MUX
9
16
Register
Bypass
Channel
Channel
Channel
Channel
9
10
11
12
Channel
Channel
Channel
Channel
13
14
15
16
4:1
MUX
4:1
MUX
• Multiplex 16 Slow-Speed Channels Into A Single High-Speed
Channel
• 1 Level in GDXV
September, 00
33
1…16
Crosspoint Switching Application
Backplane Controller
• GDX/V
• 8000/V
• 5000V
• 2000E/VE
Control
Backplane
Line Line
Card Card
Switch Controller
Line
Card
Control
Line
Card
Line
Card
Functions Performed:
• Cross Connect Data
From One Source To
Another
• Perform Arbitration
• Generate Switching
Control
• 8000/V
• 5000V
• 2000E/VE
Mem
• GDX/V
ASIC
ASSP
CPU
Line Line
Card Card
September, 00
34
Line
Card
Line
Card
BUS
I/F
In-System-Programmable
(ISP)
September, 00
35
Historical Programming
Originally all programming had to be done in a separate piece
of hardware
• One Time Programmable (OTP)
– Antifuse technology
– Not erasable
• Erasable PLDs (EPLDs)
– UV light used to erase device
– Expensive packaging
• Electrically Erasable PLDs
– Could be erased by programming equipment
– Had to be removed from circuit for both programming and erasing
– Uses High (~12v) voltages to program
September, 00
36
In-System-Programming
• ISP PLDs
– Programming and erasing done through a wire interface to the part
» Programming voltages generated “on chip”
– Part can be soldered to the board
» No need to handle parts
» More delicate (smaller) packaging can be used
– Field upgrades are possible
– Multiple / different devices can be programmed at once
September, 00
37
Two ISP programming algorithms
• Lattice ISP
– Invented by Lattice
– Five wire interface
– Three state state-machine
–SDO
–SDI
–MODE
–SCLK
–ispEN
–5-wire Lattice ISP
–Programming
–Interface
–ispLSI
–1032E
September, 00
38
–ispGAL
–22V10
–ispGDS
–22
–ispLSI
–2032
ISP Functionality
• JTAG / Boundary Scan
– Pseudo standard across vendors
– Four wire interface
– 16 state state-machine
–TDO
–4-wire ispJTAG
–TDI
–Programming
–TMS
–TCK –Interface
–VCC
–BSCAN/ispEN
–ispLSI
–3256A
September, 00
39
–Non-Lattice
–BSCAN
–Device
–ispEN
–ispLSI
–2032V
Mixed Programming
• Mixed Programming
– JTAG and Lattice ISP are incompatable if used is the same chain (in series)
– Parallel sharing of signals is possible
–TDO/SDO
–TDI/SDI
–TMS/MODE
–TCK/SCLK
–ispEN
–5-wire Lattice ISP and
–ispJTAG Mixed
–Programming
–Interface
–ispLSI
–1032E
–ispLSI
–2032
–ispLSI
–2128
–VCC
–BSCAN/ispEN
–ispLSI
–3256A
September, 00
40
–Non-Lattice
–BSCAN
–Device
–ispEN
–ispLSI
–2032V
ISP Innovator
and
Market Leader
September, 00
41
Industry Shaping Innovations
Lattice
introduces Cell
Based PLD with
Memory
Lattice
introduces
the ISP GAL
ispLSI
1000
1986
1985
1997
1992
TODAY
Lattice invents
the ISP CPLD
Lattice invents
the GAL
Architecture;
introduces
E2CMOS
September, 00
42
1999
1996
Lattice Introduces
the ISP Generic
Digital Crosspoint
Lattice Invents
the ISP PAC
Programmable
Analog
Historical Market Overview
• Circa 1985
Lattice
GAL22V10
• Circa 1990
Xilinx
3042
• Circa 1993
Altera
7032, 7128
• Circa 1996
Altera/Xilinx
10K/4000
• Circa 1998
Lattice BFW
2KVE, 5KV, 8KV
September, 00
43
Company Background
• Lattice is the Inventor of In-System-Programmable PLDs
• The PLD Performance Leader
• World’s Largest Supplier of ISP PLDs
• Fastest Growing CPLD Supplier
• Broadest Line Supplier
September, 00
44
Lattice Device Packages
September, 00
45
Space-Saving Packages With ISP Devices
Plastic BGA
TQFP
Plastic QFP
SuperBGA SSOP
ISP Enables the Use Of Space-Saving
TQFP & BGA Packages!
September, 00
46
Lattice Packaging Roadmap
QFP
(.50-.80mm)
3.5
Package Thickness
(mm)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
TQFP
1.0
(.40-.80mm)
0.5
(.xxmm) = Lead Pitch
1992
1994
1996
YEAR
September, 00
47
1998
2000
2002
Software Basics
September, 00
48
Start To Finish
Concept
Design Entry
Schematic or HDL
Design Synthesis
3rd Party Tools or Lattice
Place and Rout
Lattice Fitter
Download to Part
September, 00
49
Design Entry Methods
Schematic
a
b
HDL
..
process
begin
carry <= (a and b);
sum <= (a xor b);
end process;
September, 00
50
• Schematic is used to capture structural
models using IC vendor-supplied logical
gates and other macro functions
• Used for designing PLDs, CPLDs, FPGAs, and
ASIC
• HDL (Behavioral) models differ from
structural models in that there is no one-toone correspondence between expressions
and logic gates
• Enables programmable description of circuits
and systems
Mixed Schematic-HDL Entry
Schematic Drawing
4_ADDER
• Schematic is used to
capture structural view
using IC vendor-supplied
logical gates
• HDL is used to capture
behavioral models for
one or more functional
blocks
......
process
begin
carry <= (a and b);
sum <= (a xor b);
end process;
........
HDL Description of 4_ADDER
September, 00
51
Technology Dependent
Logic Primitives/Gates
Schematic-Based
Design Methodology
September, 00
52
Lattice Schematic-Based Design Flow
Schematic
Functional Simulation
Schematic and
Symbol Libraries
Simulation Libraries
Libraries
No FPGA/CPLD/ASIC
Retargetability
Netlister
EDIF Netlist
Logic Optimization
Device Mapping
ispEXPERT Design
Environment
Placement &
Route
Timing
Simulation
Lattice Semiconductor Supplied
September, 00
53
• Technology Dependent
IC Vendor Specific
Timing
Simulation
Libraries
Lattice Design Solutions:
• ispEXPERT+Mentor
• ispEXPERT+Cadence
• ispEXPERT+OrCAD
• ispEXPERT+Viewlogic
• ispEXPERT+Synario*
* Data I/O Supplied Technology
Independent Symbol Library
Schematic-Based Design Flow
Lattice Semiconductor Proprietary Functional
Macros - Technology Dependent
Optimization
ispEXPERT
Lattice
Semiconductor
Proprietary
Schematic
Library
Technology
Mapping
September, 00
54
ispLSI Devices
HDL-Based
Design Methodology
September, 00
55
HDL-Based Design Phases
Idea
Models
(HDL
Description)
HDL
Simulation
• Design Synthesis and
Optimization takes detailed
specifications of a design
from the design model and
optimizes key parameters
such as performance and
area.
Translation
and
Optimization
Netlist
September, 00
56
• A model is an abstraction
i.e. a representation that
shows relevant features of a
design.
Gate-Level
Simulation
• Simulation is performed to
remove all possible design
errors.
What is HDL?
• Hardware Description Language. The term model in HDL is
analogous to the term program in software.
• Language that enables description of circuits and systems
• Examples:
– Verilog-HDL - Verilog-HDL is a hardware description language (Cadence/OVI
Standard) which provides a means of specifying a digital system at a wide range
of levels of abstraction.
– VHDL - Acronym for VHSIC hardware description language (ANSI/IEEE Standard).
VHDL is a hardware description language which provides a means of specifying a
digital system at a wide range of levels of abstraction.
– Abel - Originally from Data I/O
September, 00
57
Design Synthesis
• HDL Synthesis - Transformations of HDL Models to microscopic
(i.e., gate-level) structure of a design.
• Logic Synthesis - Consists of two separate phases called Logic
Optimization and Technology Mapping.
–
Logic Optimization - The role of optimization is to enhance the overall quality of the design, such as
performance and area.
–
Technology Mapping - Transformation of the optimized design into a design that consists of restricted
set of elements. In the CPLD environment, the elements are I/O and GLB cells.
September, 00
58
Design Synthesis
Synthesis = Translation + Optimization
architecture data_flow of
xgen is
....
if (s1=1) then
xref <= a and b;
else
xref <= a or b;
z <= xref when not s0
c when s0;
end data_flow;
Technology Independent
Technology Dependent
Translation
Optimization
September, 00
59
Lattice HDL-Based Design Flow
VHDL/Verilog-HDL
Description
Functional
Simulation Libraries
VHDL/Verilog Simulation
Synthesis
Synthesis
Libraries
• Supports Top-Down Design
Methodologies
EDIF Netlist
Logic Optimization
Device Mapping
ispEXPERT Design
Environment
Placement &
Route
Verilog/VHDL Timing
Simulation
Lattice Semiconductor Supplied
September, 00
60
• Technology Independent;
FPGA/CPLD/ASIC
Retargetability
Timing
Simulation
Libraries
Lattice Design Solutions:
• ispEXPERT+Viewlogic
• ispEXPERT+Mentor
• ispEXPERT+Cadence
• ispEXPERT+Synopsys
• ispEXPERT+Exemplar
HDL-Based Synthesis Design Flow
architecture data_flow of
xgen is
....
if (s1=1) then
xref <= a and b;
else
xref <= a or b;
z <= xref when not s0
c when s0;
end data_flow;
Technology Independent
Lattice Semiconductor Proprietary Functional
Macros - Technology Dependent
Synthesis
+
Lattice
Semiconductor
Proprietary
Synthesis
Library
Optimization
ispEXPERT
Technology
Mapping
September, 00
61
ispLSI Devices
Mixed HDL-Schematic Based Design Flow
Synthesis
architecture data_flow of
xgen is
....
if (s1=1) then
xref <= a and b;
else
xref <= a or b;
z <= xref when not s0
c when s0;
end data_flow;
+
Lattice
Semiconductor
Proprietary
Synthesis
Library
Lattice Semiconductor Proprietary
Functional Macros - Technology Dependent
ispEXPERT
Optimization
Technology
Mapping
Schematic
Capture
September, 00
62
Lattice
Semiconductor
Proprietary
Schematic
Library
ispLSI Devices
Design Verification Overview
Design Verification (Simulation) is performed to
remove all possible design errors
Types Of Design Verification and Their Definitions
• Technology Independent Functional Simulation
– Performed Prior to Design Synthesis or Compilation
– Verifies Only That The Design Performs As Logically Expected
• Technology Dependent Functional Simulation
– Performed After Design Synthesis Or Compilation and Targeted Toward a Specific
Silicon technology
– Verifies Only That The Design Performs as Logically Expected
• Technology Dependent Timing Simulation
– Performed after Device Fitting / Compilation and Targeted Toward A Specific
Silicon Technology.
– Verifies That Both Logic AND Timing Requirements For The design Have Been Met
September, 00
63
ispEXPERT and Third Party Design Systems
• Synplicity
– Synplify
» VHDL and Verilog
Synthesis
– Edit Window
– Lattice Simulator
– Lattice Project Navigator
– Lattice Schematic and
ABEL
• Viewlogic
– Synopsys FPGA Express
» VHDL and Verilog
Synthesis
– Workview Office
» Schematic Entry
» Timing Simulator
» Project Navigator
» Intelliflow
September, 00
64
Download Software
Lattice Provides Several Methods of Programming Parts
• ISP Code
– Allows a Microprocessor to program device directly
• ISP VM (Virtual Machine)
– Software That Can Program Lattice Devices As Well As Our Comptetitor
• ISP ATE (Automated Test Equipment)
– Allows The Customers Test Equipment To Program Our Device
• Turbo Download
– Allows Multiple - Different Lattice Devices to be Programmed Simultaneously
• ISP DCD (Daisy Chain Download)
– PC / Workstation Based Software With Simple GUI (Graphical User Interface)
September, 00
65
ISP DCD Software
• Interrogates Hardware Setup
– Reads Devices in Chain
– Displays Part Name And Order On Screen
– Checks Cable Connection and Power
• Builds Datastream From Fitter Output
• Shifts Data Into Device
September, 00
66
ispEXPERT Design Tool Options
Design
Entry / HDL
Synthesis
Third-Party Environments (Open Systems)
• Viewlogic (OEM)
• Aldec
• Cadence
• Synopsys (OEM)
• Veribest
• Mentor Graphics
• Synplicity (OEM)
• OrCAD
• Exemplar Logic
Lattice - Schematic Editor
& ABEL-HDL Compiler
Synplicity - Synplify
VHDL and Verilog Synthesis
ispEXPERTTM Compiler
Device
Fitting &
Debug
Lattice Semiconductor HDL
Synthesis-Optimized Logic Compiler
Concept
ispEXPERTTM
System
ispGDXTM System
Lattice-HDL
Lattice - ispTATM & Physical Viewer
Auto Place & Route
Lattice - ispANALYZERTM
Lattice Gate-Level Functional and Timing Simulator
Design
Verification
ISPTM
Programming
September, 00
67
Synopsys/Viewlogic, Cadence, OrCAD, Mentor Graphics,
Aldec, VeriBest, Model Technology (and other OVI and VITAL compliant)
Functional and Timing Simulators
Turbo ispDOWNLOADTM ispATETM ispSVFTM ispCODETM
PLD Usage
September, 00
68
How PLDs are Used
Low Density (GAL)
• Anywhere a small amount of logic is needed
–
–
–
–
Glue Logic
Address decode for processor memory
Simple I/O signal decode
Simple State Machines / Counters
High Density
• Can Consolidate Groups of Low Density Into a Single Chip
• Can Implement Large Functions / Systems
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
September, 00
69
Bus Arbitration
Processor Control
Error checking Functions
Signal Processing
Adders
comparators
Graphics
Where PLDs are used
PLDs Can Be Found in Most Major Electronics Industries
• Datacom / Telecom
–
–
–
–
–
Switches
Routers
Hubs
Modems
CDMA/TDMA
• Peripherals
– Printers
– Scanners
– Fax Machines
• Processing
– Embedded processors / Single board computers
• Industrial
– Equipment Controllers
• Data Acquisition
September, 00
70
BFW PLD Applications
2KE
8K
5K
2KE
ASIC
ASSP
2KE
Memory
ROM
5K
MicroProcessor
5K
8K
SPEED
DENSITY
71
Chip
Set
GDX
8K
September, 00
FPGA
FPGA
BFW in Communications Equipment
Modem
IBM Compatible
Workstation
Switch
Wireless base station
ATM/SONET
T1 Line
IBM laser printer
T1 or Microwave
Router CSU/DSU
Central Office
xDSL
Ethernet Hub
ATM
WAN
NIC
T3
IBM Compatible
DSLAM
Workstation
Multiplexor
Telephone
T1 Line
Telephone PBX
Office
T1
Remote Access
Frame Relay Access Device
Internet Service Provider
September, 00
72
Central Office
Frame Relay
Wide Area Network (WAN)