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Middle East SS7G5 Rivers support life in the dry/desert climate (arid) Tigris and Euphrates support life from Turkey to Kuwait (Syria and Iraq) Tigris and Euphrates: drinking water and farming (irrigation) Persian Gulf is oil rich SS7G5 Persian Gulf is a trade route through the Strait of Hormuz Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean and Red Sea (trade route) Jordan River provides water for Israel, Jordan, and Syria (Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea) SS7G5 Jordan River is a political boundary Afghanistan is landlocked Iraq with the Tigris and Euphrates Iran with access to Persian Gulf Saudi Arabia on the Arabian peninsula (largest country) Turkey has built many dams on the Tigris and Euphrates SS7G5 Israel contains the Gaza Strip (south) and the West Bank (east) SS7G6 Countries in the Middle East must rely on irrigation systems for water supply (Saudi Arabia, Iran) Industry, chemical fertilizers (buildup of salt content) and Oil production have led to some water pollution Dams (hydroelectricity) caused a lack of water in some areas SS7G7 Natural Gas and Oil/Petroleum are the major natural resources Europeans and Americans first controlled oil production in the M.E. 1960’s OPEC was formed Wealthy countries still have problems with economic success for their citizens SS7G7 Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait have all seen increase wealth and standard of living due to oil production (also caused conflict) Major cities are found on the 3 main rivers (centers of industry and trade) Desert: Saudi Arabia called Rub alKhali SS7G7 Bedouins are the nomadic herders of the desert in the M.E. Water resources will often dry up and never exist again (no resource replenishment) SS7G8 Ethnic group(s) are people that share a similar belief systems for generations Religious group(s) are people with a belief system in a god or many gods Persia is the land known currently as Iran Persians speak Farsi and Arabic SS7G8 The primary religion of Persians is Islam Sunni (85%) and Shia (15%) Muslim are the major sub-groups of the religion Islam The Kurds are found primarily in the mountains of Syria, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq SS7G8 Kurds speak Kurdish The majority of Kurds are practicing Sunni Muslims Sunni and Shia Muslims are separated due to the leadership chosen for Islam after Muhammad died 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs led Islam right after Muhammad died SS7G8 Sunni Muslims believe leadership should be chosen based on the most qualified elder in the Islamic community Shia- “Ali” (Muhammad’s grandson) Muslims believed a direct descendent should be chosen to lead the community SS7G8 Conflict between Sunni and Shia has been going on since the division Sunni Muslims are in the majority around the Middle East Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon have a high percentage of Shia Arabs are the largest ethnic group in the Middle East (primarily follow Islam) SS7G8 Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are all monotheistic religions (belief in one god) Israel is primarily a Jewish state (country) There are Orthodox and Secular Jews in the world Judaism traces back to times of Abraham (born in Mesopotamia 2000 bc) SS7G8 He professed in the belief of one god The Torah (religious text) is the first 5 books in the Hebrew scriptures that promised Abraham and the Hebrew people freedom if they worship only 1 god Canaan was the promise land (Holy Land) (present day Israel) SS7G8 Jews began the religion and worshipped Yahweh Abraham and Sarah had Isaac which had Jacob were the patriarch of the Jewish people (Jacobs 12 sons became the 12 tribes of Israel) The Bible says the Jews were then forced into Egyptian slavery around 1300-1200 bc SS7G8 A new leader (Moses) was to lead the Jews from slavery to the Holy Land (Exodus) God renewed his covenant with the people through the 10 Commandments They remained in the area around the Jordan River (Israel/Canaan) SS7G8 Kings David, Saul, and Solomon became powerful kings of the Jewish nation Power struggles began and split the nation into Judah (south) and Israel (north) Babylonians ruled for several years but ended around 167 bc SS7G8 Around 70 ad Roman rule ended Jewish led Israel when the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed (all that is left is the Western Wall Jews fled all over the world (Diaspora) SS7G8 Islam (monotheistic) began in Mecca around 600 ad Mecca was the center of trade and Islamic teachings Ka’aba is located and Mecca and believed to have been built by Abraham and his son Ishmael to honor God (center of Islam) SS7G8 Muhammad was born in 570 ad and at the age 40 received a message from the angel Gabriel Gabriel told Muhammad to teach of God and tell people to rededicate themselves to the service of Allah (God) They would become Muslims SS7G8 Muhammad then moved to Medina (Yathrib) (622 ad) This date became known as the Hijrah and the beginning of the Islamic calendar Muhammad became a political and religious leader Quran was created to house the teachings of Islam SS7G8 The Five Pillars of Islam guide Muslims through their life (guidebook through life) Some countries base government and law based on the Quran (shariah law) Muslims call Christians and Jews “People of the Book” SS7G8 The 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs proceeded to spread Islam throughout the Persian and Byzantine Empire with many conversions SS7G8 Christianity was movement grown out of Judaism Jesus was a man born of a Jewish family in 4 bc. He followed Jewish law Jesus taught of a more personal relationship with God and to love all fellow humans as God loves man SS7G8 Jesus had disciples that followed his teachings and would later be teachers of Christianity The Gospels (1st four books of the New Testament) teach about the life of Jesus and his mission on Earth Followers believed Jesus to be the savior of Man “Messiah” SS7G8 Jesus was executed (crucifixion) by the Romans because of the fear of power and leadership He was believed to have risen and spiritually ascend into heaven for eternity with God Romans opposed the teachings of Jesus by his disciples SS7G8 Constantine (313 ad) convinced Roman rule to accept both Old Testament and New Testament teachings and accept Christianity throughout the empire SS7H2 Most of the Middle East was once the Ottoman Empire (1300s-WWI) This empire was primarily of Islamic leadership Power was gained due to controlling access of the major trade routes in the M.E. Ottoman Empire joined forces with Germany and Italy during WWI SS7H2 Ottoman Empire would lose power after WWI and new European powers would break-up the territory into the countries known today (San Remo Agreement) The new countries were not formed in consideration with the various ethnic groups that are in the M.E. (conflict would begin) SS7H2 Palestine was created after the Ottoman Empire (primarily Muslim territory/Palestinian Arabs) (Jerusalem major city) Jews and Christians have moved into Palestine because they believe it is their Holy Land SS7H2 WWII and Holocaust would cause Jews to migrate back to the Holy Land to seek refuge (Zionists/Zionism) Hatred for Jews (anti-Semitism) would force Jews to the Holy Land (over 6 million Jews died) United Nations would help to create Israel SS7H2 1948 Israel was created for the Jews in the areas of the known Palestine Palestinian Arabs denied the new creation of Israel The Arab/Israeli Conflict would begin in 1948 SS7H2 Israel and Palestinians fought over the land starting in 1948 Neighboring Arab countries fought and still support on the side of Palestine Palestinians as refugees (camps for citizens with no home due to war) SS7H2 USA supports Israel in the war Arab Palestinians inhabit (live) mainly in the Gaza Strip and West Bank Israelis inhabit (live) in the surrounding areas Notice Resource Map The Arab-Israeli conflict plays a major role in finding people in all the Middle Eastern Conflicts SS7H2 USA had political and economic interest in the Middle East (oil, trade routes, etc.) USA and United Nations led to break up Ottoman Empire 1920 Kuwait became a country Saddam Hussein (Iraq) believed Kuwait was using and taking oil reserves SS7H2 August 1990 Iraq began to invade Kuwait Iraq more access to the Persian Gulf and oil supplies USA was concerned b/c much of our oil comes from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia Kuwait is part of the United Nations SS7H2 USA and UN sent troops to push Iraqi forces out of Kuwait (Persian Gulf War and Operation Desert Storm) February 1991 a truce to withdraw was the resolution (3 month conflict) 9/11/2001 the World Trade Center attack sparked the USA to send troops to Afghanistan SS7H2 CIA and US troops were searching for Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda (terrorist group responsible for 9/11) USA believed that the Taliban government (Afghanistan) was harboring the suspects USA wants to help Afghanistan government to rebuild SS7H2 USA invaded Iraq in 2003 due to accusations Saddam Hussein was making and using nuclear weapons and aiding members of Al-Qaeda Operation Iraqi Freedom would help to wipe out the old government and help to re-build their government SS7H2 Iraq war and the new government has caused much ethnic and religious group conflict SS7CG5 Israel is a parliamentary democracy Leader chosen from the majority political party in the legislature Parliament called the Knesset with a Prime Minister 18 years of age to vote Suffrage: voting They vote by party affiliation SS7CG5 Most are secular politicians, but many want religion to influence laws (Jewish) Saudi Arabia is a hereditary monarchy: King and family from several generations King and advisors make the laws Laws based on the Quran or Shariah Law SS7CG5 Almost all Saudi Citizens can vote (no women) Iran is a theocracy (republic..elect your officials): based on Islam (religious) Law Citizens elect the legislature and president 16 and older can vote SS7CG5 Most Iranian political leaders are part of the Shia leadership group called the Ayatollah Iranian government dramatically effects oil production (OPEC) SS7E5 Israel has almost no natural resources and agricultural land Israel’s economy is based on the production of technology Israel is a mixed economy Iran has a mixed to command economy SS7E5 Iran has an oil production based economy (OPEC) Saudi Arabia is an oil based economy (OPEC)…giving them money to buy goods (technology) they need for survival Turkey is a command to mixed economy SS7E5 Turkey controls much of the business in the country…but is starting to pass law allowing more private business decisions SS7E6 Saudi Arabia and other countries have specialized in oil production to earn money for need goods and services Israel’s agricultural technology is sold to help make money to buy food Trade barriers restrict countries to trade (internationally) SS7E6 Tariffs (taxes) are trade barriers on imports or exports Embargo is when a country will not trade with other countries (OPEC vs supporters of Israel during the Arab/Israeli Conflict) SS7E7 Middle Eastern countries have high GDP…can invest money in human capital and capital goods (technology, advanced buildings, transportation systems, education, training for workers)