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CRCT Review
Southwest Asia Map
Bodies of Water in the Middle East
Resources
• Scarce
• Water
– “not a lot of”
• Abundant
– “a lot of”
• Oil
Oil Production
• How has an abundance of Oil and
Organization of OPEC affected the
economies of SW Asia (Middle East)?
• How have deserts
and rivers affected
population and
where people live?
Ethnic vs. Religious
• Ethnic
• Something you cannot
change
– Persians
– Kurds
– Arabs
• Religious
• Something you choose
to practice
– Islam
– Christianity
– Judaism
•Persians
•Iran
•Afghanistan
75% Muslim
60% Shia
Islamic
mysticism
•Kurds
•Syria
•Iraq
•Iran
•Turkey
•Arabs
•21 Middle Eastern
countries
•Saudi Arabia
•Syria
•Lebanon
The majority of Kurds
•Yemen
are Sunni Muslims.
•Jordan
•Iraq
Some minorities
•Qatar
include Christianity,
Judaism, and Ba’hai.
90% of Arabs are Muslim.
The remaining10 % are
Christian and Jewish.
Religious Groups of the Middle
East
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Islam
Founded in Saudi Arabia
Founded by Muhammad
Holy Cities are Mecca and Medina
5 Pillars of Islam
Monotheistic
Quran
Abrahamic
Muslims
Sunni
Shia/ Shiite
Sunni/ Shia Split
Muslims while Muhammad
was Caliph
Shi’a
Believed that the daughter of
Muhammad should be the next caliph
Sunni
Believed that any Muslim could be
the Caliph after Muhammad Died
Judaism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oldest Religion in the Middle East
Monotheistic
Abrahamic
Anti-Semitism
Zionism
Israel (1948)
Torah (Old Testament)
10 Commandments
Christianity
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Offshoot of Judaism
Founded in the Middle East
Abrahamic
Monotheistic
Jesus= Son of God
Bible
10 Commandments
Minority in ME
Old and New Testament
Literacy Rate and Standard of
Living
• Literacy Rate
– The % of people in a country (15+) who can
read and write
Literacy Rate
Standard
of Living
DISTRIBUTION
OF POWER
UNITARY
Unitary
Characterized by or constituting a form
of government in which power is held
by one central authority.
Example: King or Dictator
CONFEDERATION
Confederation
Voluntary association of independent states,
to secure some common purpose, agree to
certain limitations on their freedom of action
and establish some joint machinery of
consultation or deliberation
Example:
OPEC
CONFEDERATE STATES
OF AMERICA
(during civil war)
FEDERAL
Federal
Characterized by or constituting a form
of government in which power is divided
between on central and several regional
authorities
Example: USA
CITIZENS
PARTICIPATION
IN GOVERNMENT
AUTOCRATIC
Autocratic
government in which one person
possesses unlimited power and the
citizens have little if any role in the
government
OLIGARCHIC
Oligarchic (oli-gar-kick)
Government by the few, sometimes in
which a small group exercises control
especially for corrupt and selfish
purposes. The citizen has a very limited
role.
DEMOCRATIC
Democratic
A government in which the supreme
power is vested in the people and
exercised by them directly or indirectly
through a system of representation
usually involving free elections.
FORMS OF DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT
Democratic Government
Parliamentary
Parlimantary
Presidential
PARLIAMENTARY
Parliamentary
A system of Government having the real
executive power vested in a cabinet
composed of member of the legislature
who are individually and collectively
responsible to legislature. May have
prime minister elected by the legislature
PRESIDENTIAL
Presidential
A system of government in which the
president is constitutionally independent of
the legislature
Middle Eastern Government
Distribution of
Power
Citizens Role
Theocracy of
Iran
Unitary
Oligarchic
Monarchy of
Saudi Arabia
Unitary
Autocratic
State of Israel
Unitary
Democracy
Parliamentary
South & Eastern Asia Governments
The Republic of
India
Distribution of
Power
Citizens Role
Federal
Democracy
Parliamentary
Communist State of Unitary
the People’s
Republic of China
Oligarchy
The
Constitutional
Monarchy of
Japan
Democracy
Parliamentary
Federal
African Governments
Distribution of
Power
Citizens Role
The Republic of
Kenya
Federal
The Dictatorship of
the Republic of
Sudan
Unitary
Democracy
Presidential
Autocratic
Republic of
South Africa
Federal
Democracy
Parliamentary
Economic Questions
Saudi Arabia
• What to produce
• How to produce
• For Whom to produce
South Africa
China
India
Japan
North Korea
Israel
Turkey
Nigeria
Command
When gov’t decides
all three
Free Market
When people decide
all three
Trade
• Specialization of Trade occurs when
countries have different natural, human,
and capital resources and different ways
of combining these resources, they are not
equally efficient at producing the goods
and services that their residents demand.
Trade Restrictions
• Trade Barrier
– government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.
The barriers can take many forms, including the following terms
that include many restrictions in international trade within
multiple countries that import and export any items of trade.
Tariffs
Quotas
Embargos
QUOTAS
• A type of trade barrier that sets a physical
limit on the quantity of a good that can be
imported into a country in a given period of
time.
EMBARGO
• EMBARG----NO
– Restriction of trade with a specified country…
TARIFFS
• A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when
they are moved across a political
boundary. They are usually associated
with protectionism, the economic policy of
restraining trade between nations. For
political reasons, tariffs are usually
imposed on imported goods, although
they may also be imposed on exported
goods.
Human Capital
• Human Capital
– Amount of money a person is capable of
making
Think about it…
• If Sudan wanted to
increase it’s GDP by
increasing Human
Capital what could the
country do????
– Invest money into
_____________ and
_____________.......
Capital
• Capital
– assets available for use in the production of
further assets
Think about it…
• If Sudan wanted to increase it’s GDP by
increasing Capital what could the country
do????
– Invest money into _____________ and
_____________.......
Establishment of Israel
• WWII
– Jews were persecuted during the Holocaust in
Germany
• Anti-Semitism
– Prejudice against or hostility towards Jews
United Nations voted to divide Palestine into
two states, one Jewish and one Arab;
• as accepted by Zionist leaders but rejected by
Arab leaders.
– Creation of Israel has led to continuing religious wars
1299
The Ottoman Empire
begins in modern-day
Turkey
1451
The Ottomans rule a majority of
the cities in the Middle East and
Europe.
1453
The Ottomans establish the capital of
Constantinople in present-day Turkey.
1500
The Ottomans gain control of the Eastern
Mediterranean, North Africa, and major
trade routes.
1520
Ottomans capture Mecca and Medina.
1800s
The Ottoman
Empire begins
to decline and
is known as
the “sick man
of Europe”.
1914
WWI begins.
1918
The Ottoman Empire
ends.
1920
•Europe divides up the
Ottoman Empire.
•The division is part of
the Treaty of Sevres.
You’re going
down Sunni!!
No, you’re
going
down
Shia!!
Should we
divide these into
countries based
on ethnic
groups?
Naaaah, they
will just get
along
perfectly, I
think.
Dividing Up the Ottoman Empire
•Europe paid little attention to ethnic, religious, and
tribal lines when they drew the Middle East.
•The people of the Middle East were grouped together
based on the ideas of the Europeans instead of what the
people of the Middle East wanted.
The Middle East Today
2 Heads Are Better than One
Why do you think the
Europeans divided the Middle
East?
How do these political borders
affect the Middle East today?
The political borders cut
across ethnic lines and mix
together groups, creating
conflict.
The Europeans were
interested in a newly
discovered resource,
oil, and wanted to
expand their colonies.
A Re-imagined Middle East
1923
Turkey emerges
from the
remains of the
Ottoman
Empire.
USA Foreign Involvement
• Persian Gulf War
– Fear of Iraq having too much control over oil
after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990
• Terrorism
– USA in Afghanistan and Iraq in response to
9/11; attempting establishing democracy
South and East Asian Countries
South and East Asian Bodies of
Water
Landforms of South and East Asia
Religions of South and East Asia
• Buddhism
– Founded in India
– Siddhartha Gautama
– Buddha=enlightened
one
• Hinduism
– Founded in India
– Sacred River is
Ganges
– Most prominent
religion in India
• Shintoism
– Native to Japan
• Confucianism
– Philosophy of
respecting your
elders
Nationalism in South and Eastern
Asia
• India
– Mohandas Gandhi
– Non-Violent Protests
– Boycotted British for independence
• Vietnam
– Ho Chi Minh
– Violent Wars
– Fought French for independence
US Role in Rebuilding Japan after
WWII
• US provided financial aid to help rebuild
Japan’s economy after the dropping of the
A Bombs
Communism in China
• Mao Zedong
– Established the Communist State of
China
– Great Leap Forward
• Resulted in economic hardship, was
meant to keep up with the west
– Cultural Revolution
• Red Guards destroyed all of “old China”
and anything that promoted knowledge
other than that of the “new China”
– Tiananmen Square
• Educated College Students protested
communism and they were brutally put
down, but opened the eyes to those who
followed Mao, that there are successful
economies and governments that allow
for freedom and choice
• Ironically the same place where the
Communist state of China was declared
by Mao Zedong
Reasons for Foreign Involvement
• Vietnam War
– US became involved in attempt contain communism
from spreading.
• Red Scare
– Ultimately the Communist North defeated US and
South Democratic Vietnam
• Korean War
– US became involved in attempt contain communism
from spreading.
• Red Scare
– Ultimately the war was declared a stalemate and
North Korea and South Korea are still 2 separate
countries.
• North Korea -> Communist
• South Korea -> Democratic
African Countries
African Landforms/Regions
African Rivers/Bodies of Water
African Ethnic Groups
• Bantu
– Southern Africa
• Most practice Traditional Religions
• Ashanti
– Western Africa
• Traditional, Christianity, and Islam is practiced
• Swahili
– Eastern Africa
• Islam and Traditional
• Arab
– Northern Africa
• Most practice Islam and Christianity
Polluted Water: Unfit to Drink
• Water Pollution is a problem in African
Countries.
– Pesticides, fertilizers, human waste
– Mining and manufacturing byproducts
Deforestation
• Nearly 90% of the coastal rainforests in West
Africa have been cut down since 1990s
– Result: Deforestation
• When trees are gone, nothing can hold soil in
place.
• Wind blows, rain pours, and remaining soil is
eroded.
– Nutrients washed away, sun bakes exposed soil
• Leaving farmland unusable
Desertification
Desertification: Process in which a desert
spreads and the soil loses its ability to hold water.
Causes of Desertification
- poor farming practices
- land clearing
-overgrazing of livestock
-draining of water for
industrial or home use
Effects of Natural Resources in
Africa
• Gold, Uranium, and Diamonds
– South Africa
• Increases trade, mining, and foreign interest
in the Country
• Oil
– Nigeria
• Government has focused attention to oil,
and other sectors of the economy have
suffered
European Imperialism in Africa
• Artificial Boundaries set
up by European
Countries led to…
– civil wars between tribes
in Africa
Nationalism to Independence
• South Africa
– Fully independent from British in 1990 with
abolishment of Apartheid
• Kenya
– Achieved Independence from British through
Violent wars led by the Mau Mau
• Nigeria
– Non-Violently achieved independence from
British through formation of political parties
Apartheid
• Creation of apartheid denied black south
Africans civil rights
• President FW de Klerk
–
–
–
–
Protested apartheid
ended Apartheid in 1990
Released Nelson Mandela from Jail in 1990
Served at Nelson Mandela’s Vice president
• Nelson Mandela
– Imprisoned for protesting apartheid
– Released from prison in 1990
– First democratically elected black president of
South Africa
• Elected in 1994