Download Arabian Peninsula

North
Africa
Roots of civilization
 A. Egypt blossoms along the Nile
-Egypt couldn’t exist w/o the Nile
-living in farm villages near Nile since 3300b.c.
-God-kings known as Pharaohs used to rule Egypt
-Egypt was first to incorporate geometry into farming and
education
 B. Islam in North Africa
-Islam is the dominant religion in North Africa
-Ethnic conflicts exist between Islam's and Christians in North
Africa
Economics of Oil
 A. Black Gold
- Algeria, oil is the main source of revenue
- Algeria supplies European Union w/ most of its oil
- Oil also causes problems in Libya with its labor force
Culture of Market and
Music
 A. North Africa Souks
-Souks--- African marketplaces
-Souks are extremely common
-medina---old section
-Bargaining takes place in Souks
 B. Protest Music
-Algeria Rai --- a kind of music developed by poor children in 1920’s
-Algeria used Rai to communicate resentment towards French
colonizers
- Rai is now used as a form of rebellion against Islamic
Fundamentalists
Changing Roles of
Women
 A. Women and the Family
-males are center of household
-women's don’t hold jobs after they marry
-polygamy has been abolished in Tunisia
-Tunisia disallows preteen marriages, spousal abuse,
-Divorce is legal in Tunisia
-Women in North Africa have professional jobs
-Women manage 9% of business in Tunisia
Sub Regions are: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Bahrain, Qatar, Untied Arab Emirates,
Oman, and Yemen
Islam Changes Desert Culture
• Bedouins, nomadic desert dwellers moved around the
peninsula, oasis to oasis and that’s how they adapted to
the harsh climate in the desert.
• There used to be fighting between families and clans
for good pasture land for their livestock.
• Then, a new religion began to spread-the religion of
Islam.
 Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings
of Prophet Muhammad.
 The new religion untied the people in the Arabian
Peninsula in ways that never happened before in the
past.
The Five Pillar
 Islam required the Five Pillars or The Five Duties. They
are….
1)Faith: All believers must bear witness that “There is no
God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of
Allah.”
2)Prayer: Muslims face the Ka’aba in Mecca to pray five
times a day or they can pray at a Mosque (a place of
worship)
3)Charity: Muslims believe to give charity to the less
fortunate.
4)Fasting : Muslim don’t eat or drink from Dawn to
Sunset during the month of Ramadan.
5)Pilgrimage: Muslim are supposed to make Hajj
(Pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in there life time if
they are able to.
Pilgrimage
(Hajj)
Government Changes Hands
 The government ruled by the Muslims were called
Theocratic-religious leader that control the
government.
 After World War I, a lot of Southwest Asia was
controlled by France and Britain.
 After a while, only apart of the Arabian Peninsula
was colonized by a rising power of Abdul Al Aziz Ibn
Saud.
 In the present day the Descendants of Abdul Al Aziz
Ibn Saud, the Saud family rule the area now called
Saudi Arabia since 1932.
Oil Dominates The Economy
 The most important resource of the Arabian
Peninsula is oil and it is most of there export and
GDP from oil. Price are important.
 A group of oil producer made an organization called
OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries.
 It is powerful in the international trade for oil
pricing.
 Other members in Southwest Asia are Qatar, Untied
Arab Emirates, Iran, and Iraq.
Modern Arabic Life
 The change of the
Nation caused the
economy to be more
urbanized.
 More and more
people moved in the
city.
 The education system
upgraded to the
technological age.
 Even though there was
a lot of changes most
of the Muslim culture
stayed the same.
 They are the five
Duties.
 Muslim culture is the
same in the southwest
of Asia as the Arabian
Peninsula.
Sub regions: Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan
Jewish Presence
 Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were the three
major monotheistic religions that were founded
in Southwest Asia.
 The Jews had two main temples, the first one
their King Solomon built, and after they all
returned home in 538 B.C. the second one was
built.
 The Western Wall, also identified as the Wailing
Wall is where the modern Jews came to pray, but
was the last remaining piece of the second
temple.
Christian Heritage
Islamic Sacred Sites
 Jerusalem, at first was under
 The Muslims believe that the
Muslim control, then the
Christians started over –
powering them, but then
after a while Muslims
eventually regained control
up until 1948 in May.
Dome of the Rock is where
Prophet Muhammad rose to
heaven.
 Since the Western Wall and
the Dome of the Rock are so
close together, it causes the
Jews and Muslims to clash.
The Western Wall
A History of Unrest
The Legacy of Colonialism
 The Ottoman Empire ruled
 After the war France took
the Eastern Mediterranean
during 1520 up until 1922,
then they became weak and
unable to solve group
problems that wanted
independence.
 The collapse of this empire
was coming, and during
World War I they sided with
Germany, but after the war
the Ottoman Empire fell
apart.
half the Ottoman Empire,
Lebanon and Syria, while
Britain had the other half
including Jordan and Israel.
 Due to French rule, the
Syrians hated the French
because of the religious
groups they made.
 Syria became independent in
1946, while Lebanon was
already independent in 1943.
British Control Palestine Creating the State of Israel
 Zionism was a movement
 The United Nations, in 1947
meant to create and support
a Jewish homeland in
Palestine.
 In order for the Jews to
escape persecution in
Germany, they all started to
immigrate into Palestine,
which the British allowed.
decided to divide Palestine
into two states, for Jews and
Arabs.
 The Arabs didn’t want this
so they made war with the
Jews, and after the war in
1950, Israel became an
established nation.
 Palestine Arabs formed the
Palestine Liberation
Organization to regain their
land.
Cyprus
Modernizing Economies
Refugees and Civil Wars
 World War II ended good for
 Palestinian refugees struggle
the Eastern Mediterranean
sub regions because most of
them became independent
in 1960 from Britain.
very much for food, shelter,
and employment.
 Jordan has the largest
population of Palestinian
refugees and is also one of
the poorest places in the
region, which makes it
difficult for the refugees to
get an education.
 Lebanon and Cyprus are also
having economic problems
due to the civil wars they`ve
had that lasted an entire
year.
Modern Infrastructure
Modern Life
 The Eastern Mediterranean
 Traditions from a while back
nations have what it takes to
develop trade, agriculture,
and tourism; but they also
need an in fracture that
would support a economy
that`ll grow.
 Areas where wars once were
must be rebuilt, and they
also need better power
sources along with better
communication systems.
exist, but they have made
changes; computers, cell
phones, and Internet access
are quite common now.
Eating Out, Eating In
A Variety of Cultures
 Eastern Mediterranean
 Muslims and Christians
restaurants are different
from the U.S. , like the fact
that they sometimes have
different sections for men
and women; and their last
meal is usually around 8 and
11 p.m.
 Most meals are healthier
than here, instead of beef
they have chicken or lamb.
mostly make up Lebanon,
along with another religion
called Druze that live in the
mountains of Syria, Israel,
and Lebanon.
 Israel has a huge variety of
immigrants, but most are
Jewish, coming from
Ethiopia, Eastern Europe,
U.S. , Russia, and the
Mediterranean region.
 There are several different
groups of Arab Muslims:
Druze, Sunni, Circassia's,
Bedouins, and a small
amount of Christians.
The Northeast
Chapter 22, Section 3
Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey
Intro
 In the Northeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula
lie a unique blend of cultures. The main countries
are Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. The area in
which they are located are abundant with resources,
such as coal, petroleum, and much more.
A Blend of Cultures



There were many early civilizations that were developed in the area known as the Fertile Crescent.
Nations such as Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria, and Chaldea all built their empires in Mesopotamia.
Also, there are plenty of groups occupying the Northeastern Arab Peninsula, such as the Turks, Kurds,
Persians, and Assyrians. The languages they speak include are Turkish, and Farsi. They are quite similar
to Arabic.
All groups follow the religion of Islam, but since there are two main groups, conflict still exists. Over 83%
of all Muslims are Sunni, but most of Iran’s population is Shiite.
Clashes Over Land




By World War 1, battles over this region began to become quite frequent. Some battles due to uneven
distribution of land.
The Kurds have always been at war with the Turkish government, because they promised the Kurds land,
but they never received it. Quite like the case with the American government and the Native Americans.
Turkey, Iran, and Iraq have prevented the Kurds from a being a nation-state.
Because of Iran’s location, there have been many refugees fleeing oppressive governments. Iran has the
highest population of refugees in the world.
Between the 1980’s and the 1990’s Iran and Iraq fought a war over the oil fields. Later on Iraq invaded
Quwait which led to the Persian Gulf War. The U.S. and 32 other nations fought to keep the oil fields
open.
Clashes Over Leadership



Ever since George W. Bush started the war on terrorism, the leadership in the Northeastern region of the
Arabian peninsula became unstable. When troops were sent to Afghanistan to investigate the culprits of
9/11, due to security threats the U.S. declared war on Iraq.
A fundamentalist political Muslim group called the Taliban were protecting Osama Bin Laden. In March
2002, the Taliban had been removed from power.
After the Persian Gulf War, the United Nations ordered the destruction of all the weapons. However,
Bush still believed that they were still there. Saddam was overthrown in 2003.
Reforming Economies


Turkey and Iran are making progress towards democracy. Turkey is the only country that produces
enough steel in the sub-region.
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. Most of the people there are engaged in farming
and animal herding. When the U.S. led the war against the Taliban, the progress for democracy was
interrupted many times.
Modern and Traditional Life



In each country, a division exists for the people that want to move to the new era and those that stay.
In Afghanistan, the Taliban enforced strict rules, but when the regime was toppled in 2001 Hamid Karzi
began restoring order.
There are many diverse views in politics in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey, but these groups have not been able to
gain control.