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Ancient India Unit 3 The Subcontinent Environment Rivers •Indus River •Ganges River Mountains •Himalayan Mountains (North East) Climate •Monsoon Seasonal wind pattern producing heavy rainfall Other •River valleys have rich soil •Mountains provide an excellent barrier •Monsoon seasons are irregular causing drought or over flooding NEEDS What should the people do? INTRODUCTION • Over 4,000 years ago people built huge, planned cities, with straight streets and brick homes with private baths! Kids played with toys and women wore lipstick! Where did this happen? The Indus Valley How do we know this? • In 1922, archaeologists found the remains of an ancient city called Harappa. • They found another city, located 400 miles southwest of Harappa, called Mohenjo-Daro. Other ancient cities have been found since. • This civilization existed from about 3000-2,500 B.C.E. (Before Common Era) to about 1500 B.C.E., which means it existed at about the same time as the Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations. • What was life like, over 4,000 years ago, in Harappa and in Mohenjo-Daro, two busy cities of about 35,000 people each? • What would life be like for you back then? Welcome to Chapter 3, Ancient India! •Monarchy aided by an elite •Elite THE HARAPPANS India’s First Civilization Small group of powerful people who supported the King’s will •Belief in divine authority Mohenjo -daro Buying Real Estate in Harappa? Homes Houses were one or two stories high, made of baked brick, with flat roofs, and were just about identical. Each home had its own private drinking well and its own private bathroom. Clay pipes led from the bathrooms to sewers located under the streets. These sewers drained into nearby rivers and streams. Well in Harappa Early Life in the Indus Valley Art & Religion Entertainment •The discovery of bronze statues resembling dancers tell us they enjoyed dancing as well as working with metals. •The discovery of a large central pool in Mohenjo-daro, with steps leading down at both ends, could have been a public swimming pool or used for religious ceremonies. Food •Each town had a large central storage building for grain. •Crops were grown for all town members. •Fishing and animal herding also contributed as a food source. Toys •Small carts, whistles shaped like birds, toy monkeys which could slide down a string •Weaving, Metal working, and Pottery. •The Pottery was very high quality, with unusually beautiful designs. •The Vedas were memorized hymns, prayers, and religious teachings. Transportation •Camels, oxen and elephants were used to travel over land. •Sailboats were used for travel over water •Carts with wooden wheels. Ships with one mast, probably used to sail around the Arabian Sea. Trade •Seals with a pictographic script, which has not as yet been deciphered, were found at the Indus Valley sites. Similar seals were found in Mesopotamia, which seems to indicate possible trade between these two civilizations. • • • • • • • BERLIN (2007) Life centered around the family. Bavaria's most Patriarchal- The oldest male was in charge glamorous Only men were given the opportunity of education. politician -- a Education with the Guru flame-haired “Special” Treatment for females motorcyclist Women were considered “minors” has shocked the Catholic Divorce was not allowed (few minor exceptions) The ritual of Sati- To show the subjugation to state men in by suggesting by requiring a wife to throw herself on her dead marriage husband’s flaming pyre. should last Family Life • The Indian tradition is now forbidden by law, just 7 though a very small number of incidents still occur each year in remote isolated villages. years. • Women were viewed as an economic burden The Aryans • Aryan- improperly used term by the Nazi Germans- It actually is Indo-European speaking nomadic people. • Created the writing system of Sanskrit c. 1000 B.C. • Warring kingdoms and shifting tribal alliances created a great deal of instability until strong leaders emerged. • Raja- The tribal chieftain prince • The raja was chosen by Brahman, chief god of the Aryans • Leaders became the representation of the gods • Leaders still subjected to laws • Eventually the title, raja, became the maharaja (great prince) • The most lasting effect: class divisions among the people ranging from skin color to economics. This social division was known as the Caste System The Caste System Upper Classes 1. Brahmin Priests 2. Kshatriyas Warriors Lower Classes 3. Vaisyas Merchants, farmers, traders, and artisans 4. Sudras Laborers and servants to the upper class 5. Untouchables Cleaning bathes, collected trash. Contact with an untouchable was considered harmful. The Caste System Continued… Brahmin Priests Vaisyas Merchants farmers Kshatriyas Warriors Sudras Laborers and servants Homework • 1. 2. 3. 4. Type at least a two page paper about the following. (40 Points) Analyze Barrington High School. Is there a caste system? What is the high school good life? Is school life equally good for everyone? Conquests in India 1. Persians 2. Greeks and Macedonians Alexander the Great Alexander the Great 3. Then… the Mauryan Dynasty Mauryan Dynasty • LeaderChandragupta Maurya • Large army with secret police to protect the paranoid leader. • Built a road system to make it easier to transport goods. • Next major leader, grandson, Asoka Mauryan and Asoka Empires Asoka’s Reign •Asoka =one without sorrow •Ruthless military leader who converts to Buddhism •Decides to win the support of India’s people through kindness. •Sets up hospitals for both people and animals •Wanted to lead by good example rather than by force. •Began placing edicts on pillars. Edicts are orders that were put on pillars throughout the empire • Edicts stressed Buddhist qualities of goodness •Trade and Industry flourished under Asoka. •The Mauryan Dynasty will fade with the death of Asoka. One of Asoka’s famous pillars Expansion of Trade – The Kushan Kingdom • Became one of the most advanced trading civilizations in the ancient world • Trade via sea and camel caravan • Traded a variety of spices, jewels, and textiles for gold, tin, lead and wine. • One of the major routes was called the “Silk Road” China supplied the Silk… Romans wanted it, but passed through India to get there... The Silk Road Gupta Empire • Developed precise surgical instruments. • Developed the concept of “0” • Adopted the Hindu faith as the main religion in India. • A group called the Huns greatly weaken the Gupta Empire Hinduism •Vedas - collection of hymns •Bhagavad Gita is revered as a sacred text of Hindu philosophy •The name 'Bhagavad Gita', when translated into English, literally means 'Song of God.' •Belief in one God called Brahman *(Vishnu, and Shiva) •Salvation comes only after a person has abandoned all pursuits and desires and accepts that the individual soul is the same as Brahman. (Moksha) •Ironically, to achieve moksha, one must make a deliberate effort to not want it. •Reincarnation- belief that individual soul is reborn in a different form after death. •Karma- What people do in their life determines what they will be in the next life. •“What goes around, comes around!” •Dharma- divine law ruling karma. •Dharma determines the expectation level. •The Mahabharata: •Probably theone get in touch with How does longest poem one’s spiritual nature? in the world– a method of training • Yoga designed to lead to union •220,000 with God. lines, divided 1.eighteen Path of Knowledge into 2. Path of Love chapters 3. Path of Work •The third 4. Path of Meditation and most important Common ?’s Hindu Epic- Next page! Bhagavad • Today, most of India’s gita. citizens are Hindu Common Questions What is the significance of red dots on the forehead? 1. It symbolizes the "third eye" -- the one focused inwards toward God (or the atma (soul) within you). The red dot between the eyebrows is said to retain energy in the body and control various levels of concentration. 2. In the past, a red dot was usually worn by married women as an auspicious sign of marriage. And, unmarried women wore black dots which indicated that they were unmarried. If Hindu’s acknowledge more than 33,000 deities, then shouldn’t the religion be polytheistic? 1. No. Brahman is the ultimate reality of God. Hindus believe in more than one FORM of one God. Why are cows so important to people from India? 1. 2. 3. The most important indicator of wealth among the Aryans was the number of cattle that an individual owned. The more cattle a family, or tribe possessed the more wealthy they were. Eventually cattle became so important in Aryan society that they made it illegal to kill or eat them. Food, Work, Religion Cows bring about life and provide life, work, (Animals and reincarnation). Hinduism Siddhartha Gautama • A prince with every “everything”, discovers a great deal of human suffering outside “his world.” • Gives up “everything” to seek the cure for human suffering. • Goal: To seek Nirvana Means end of the self and a reunion in life with the Great Soul Four Noble Truths 1. Ordinary life is suffering 2. This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves 3. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as extensions of ourselves 4. The way to end desire is to follow the middle path Buddhism “The Middle Path” Next Page 1. Stupas and temples were built to honor the death of Gautama. Stupas are stone towers that house relics of the Buddha The Middle Path • Right View: • Right Intention: • • • • • • We need to know the Four Noble Truths We need to decide what we really want Right Speech: We must seek to speak truth and to speak well of others Right Action: The Buddha gave five precepts: “Do not kill. Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not be unchaste. Do not take drugs or alcohol.” Right livelihood: We must do work that uplifts our being. Right effort: The Buddha said, “Those who follow the Way might well follow the example of an ox that arches through the deep mud carrying a heavy load. He is tired, but his steady, forward-looking gaze will not relax until he is out of the mud.” Right mindfulness: We must keep our minds in control of our senses: “All we are is the result of what we have thought.” Right concentration: We must meditate to see the world in a new way. Two Religions Buddhism Why Fat Buddha Statues? • The "Fat Buddha" is not THE Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama • The statue is not an idol. • Rubbing the belly of a fat Buddha Statue is not a prayer of any sort… it's just a more or less superstitious habit • Buddha means "one who has achieved a state of perfect enlightenment" and there are several people who have been given the title. • Siddhartha lived from around B.C. 560 to B.C. 480, it was not until around 127 BC that statues actually depicting him became prevalent. • Nobody knew what he really looked like, he was from a noble family and had been described as tall, slender, and of "manly build", but that may have been just because that is what people expected "Nobles" to look like. • The image of a fat overfed Buddha didn't fit with his teachings, and an "enlightened one" might be so enlightened as to disregard material needs like eating… • Buddhism reached China around 100AD, and was wide spread there by 600AD. • We get three theories on Fat Buddha. • First the physical image of a Noble was not athletic or a warrior, but a well fed person of leisure. People tried to rub a fat man's belly in hopes of luck and ample meals. • Then there is the story of a Chinese Buddhist monk in the 6th century, who just happened to have a belly that shook like jelly, he was a kind fellow who dedicated himself to helping others, and was regarded as the incarnation of the Boddhisatva Metteya, who had reached nirvana but stayed around just to help people. • And finally the theory held by most Buddhist scholars. A sagely Zen monk appeared in China around 850 A.D. and died in 916A.D. He said his name was "Knowing This" (ChiChe). No one knew where he came from, he carried a big fat bag and was famous for his fat belly. When asked how to obtain nirvana he would lay down the bag and not said a word. When asked about what happened after reaching nirvana he would pick up the bag and walk away, still not a word. It is pretty much accepted that such a monk existed. He is probably the inspiration for Fat Buddha, as the statues began appearing in the late 800's, 1200 years after the Gautama's death. If you'll look at an authentic Fat buddha, you'll see he has a sack on his back. Lasting Effects of Indian Culture Literature On your own! Lasting Effects of Indian Culture Art and Sculpture On your own!