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Robert Oloan Rajagukguk
Maranatha Christian University
Bandung, Indonesia
 Christianity
 Islam
 Unaffiliated
 Hindu
 Buddhist
 Folk
 Other
 Jewish
31.5 %
23.2 %
16.3 %
15.0 %
7.1 %
5.9 %
0.8 %
0.2 %
 Christianity
 Islam
 Unaffiliated
 Hindu
 Buddhist
 Folk
 Other
 Jewish
9.9 %
87.2 %
<0.1 %
1.7 %
0.7 %
0.3 %
0.1 %
<0.1 %
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Islam
Christianity
Catholic
Hindu
Buddhist
Confusionism
Other Beliefs
Unidentified
87.15 %
6.96 %
2.91 %
1.69 %
0.72 %
0.05 %
0.13 %
0.40 %
 87%
belong to a religious domination
 63% reported “God was very important”
 30% reported “God is a force or spirit ...that
they feel connected
Note:
- survey in 60 countries worldwide
- Taken from Miller & Worthington, in Aten,
O’Grady, & Worthington, 2012 (The
psychology of religion and spirituality for
clinicians: using research in your practice)
 Biological
and psychological
 Environment
 Learning process
 Cognitive supremacy
 Past experiences
 Present moment
 Future orientation
 Self or need fulfillment
 Social dimension
 Psycho-spiritual
Modern Psychology has been...
 Fragmental
 Not holistic
 Not balanced (negative vs positive psych)
 Not contextual
 Not comprehensive
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
People are spiritual and/or religious
Spiritual factors and philosophical belief
(of the clients) may contribute and may
promote health
Clinician should examine the influence of
his or her own worldview
Clinician should research the beliefs and
resources of unfamiliar traditions
A solid biopsychosociospiritual formulation
is the basis of effective treatment.
 Psychology
is a helping profession
 To help people effectively, we need to
understand them.
 To understand them, we need to consider all
dimension of their lives.
 To understand all dimensions of life, means
to understand them holistically.
 To understand them holistically, we need to
change the view of human nature.
 To produce better psychologist, we need to
start it from the basic education of
psychology (undergraduate program)
Biopsychosociospiritual
(Josephson & Peteet, 2004)
Biopsychosocial (Engel, 1977)
Biopsychology
(Freud, 1938)
HOLISTIC
BALANCE
CONTEXTUAL
 PHYSIOLOGICAL
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
 SOCIAL
 SPIRITUAL

Human being has
potencies to be good
and bad:





to think rationally and
irrationally (thinking )
to feel positive and
negative emotion
(feeling)
to have good or bad will
(willing)
to do right/good and
wrong/evil (acting)
to have strengths and
weaknesses
(personality)
A person should be
understood in his/her
context of life:
 physical/geographical
environment
 social environment
 cultural backgrounds
(gender/ethnicity/
racial/religiousity)
COURSES
INTEGRATIVE
PSYCHOLOGY
(Undergraduate)
FOUNDATION OF
INTEGRATION
MODELS
OF
INTEGRATION
VIEW
OF
HUMAN
NATURE
INTEGRATION
OF
PSYCHOLOG
Y &
RELIGIOUS
BELIEFS
INTEGRATION OF
PSYCHOLOGY & SPIRITUALITY
(Graduate)
FILOSOFI
FOUNDATION
MODELS
JOURNAL CRITIQUE
PRESENTATION
DISCUSSION
INTEGRATION PAPER
PSYCHOLOGY
RELIGIOUS
BELIEF
RESPONDENTS
N = 25
Senior Students
Age: 22-24 yr
 Curious
ity
 Academic
 Social
 Spiritual
21
10
1
1
 Knowledge/Paradigm
 Achievement
 Experiential
16
15
8
 Philosophy
related
13
 Taught by RR (Instructor)
6
 None
4
 Faith, religiosity, spirituality issues 3
 Holistic approach
2
 Friends
 None/self
 Advisor
13
11
1
 Most
students are curious about the subject
 Some, took the subject just as a requirement
 Recommended by friends or self choice
 Most students associate the subject with
philosophical discussion
 Expectation of students mostly for academic
achievement (GPA) and knowledge
enhancement; some, to be inspired and
apply it in daily life practice.
I am interested in the view of human being
according to Christian perspective, that
every human being born as a sinner, because
of Adam.
I give respect to that view, however, I disagree
with the statement that human being born as
a sinner. For me personally, it is not fair if
someone who does not know neither do
anything wrong considered as sinner.
I also do not understand what is the different
between Catholic and Protestant.
I can understand more about 5 rituals of Islam,
however, there are some things I think need
to be discussed.
For example, how Islam explain polygamy,
terrorism, syahid.
In my opinion, the view of human nature
according to Islam is similar to the view of
human nature according to Behavioristic
perspective; human being is viewed as clean
as a white paper. Human being is basically
born in a pure or clean condition.
Today, I learn new things about Buddhism, that
everybody has the same chance to reach
Nibbana. All human being will reach Nibbana
when they reach a pure state, a desire to always
doig good and righteous. Nibbana is a state not a
place, which every human being will eventually
reach after going through several times of
reincarnation.
Accroding to Buddhism, every human being has an
unlimited potencies of doing good to other
human being, animals, nd other creation. This is
quite similar with the view of human being
according to Humanistic .
However, I still do not understand what does it
mean “doing good”; how do I make distinction
between “doing good” and “doing bad”.
I think Hinduism is quite similar with Buddhism.
The difference is in the concept f atman and
soul. Human being move and follow all the cycle
of life to reach moksha or being united with the
brahman.
In Hinduism, the concept of heaven and the world
is different, in which to reach heaven human
being required to go through a cycle of samsara
(suffering).
I learned that, according to Hinduism, human
being has four purposes in life: dharma
(responsibility), artha (possession), kama
(pleasure), and dukkha (balancing of body and
mind)
The New Age teaching view every human being
is righteous from his/her own perspective.
There is no absolute truth according to New
Age Movement; all truth is relative.
Every human being is God. There is no God, as
a Supreme being.
I think New Age teachings are contradictory.
They do not believe in God, but they believe
that human being is god.
New Age Movement also believe that all
religion are the same, but they are also
different.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Objectives of the
course
Why, integration?
What to integrate?
How to integrate?
View of human
nature from
psychoanalitic,
behavioristic,
humanistic,
transpersonal
MID-SEMESTER EXAM
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
View of human
nature according to
Buddhism
Christianity
Hindusim
Islam
New Age Movement
Holistic-integrative
perspective
FINAL EXAM
q
y
Psychology may challenge interpretation of
Scripture or theological formulations.
q
y
Integration takes place in the overlap,
where both areas speak of the same things.
y
q
Psychology is passed through the filter of
TheologySpirituality so what is left is pure and
good y.
q
+
y
=
xy
Two areas put together to make a new field,
e.g. Christian Psychology
y
q
y
y
y
y
y
Bits of y taken out, observed, recast, and
used to enrich the theological model (or to
provoke or illustrate)
 philosophical
foundation
 the view of human nature
 healthy mental process
 mental illness, psychological problems
 psychological treatment, intervention
 Philosophical
foundation – materialism
 View human nature – irrational drives,
unconsciousness,
 Healthy – ego function, realistic, free
from anxiety
 Unhealthy – conflict, anxiety, ego
disfunction, ineffective defense mech.
 Intervention – gain insight, personality
reconstruction
 Philosophical
foundation – empiricism,
materialism
 View of human nature – tabula rasa,
victim of environment
 Healthy – proper reaction/response to
stimuli, adjusted
 Unhealthy – maladaptive behavior
 Intervention – behavioral modification,
modeling, reinforcement, reward &
punishment
 Philosophical
foundation – secular humanism
 View of human nature – positive, full of
potential, on becoming
 Healthy – better person, self actualization,
 unhealthy – inhibition of self actualization,
discrepancy of self
 Intervention – syncronization of ideal self &
real self
 Philosophical
foundation – cosmic
humanism, new age movement
 View of human nature – spiritual being,
 Healthy – higher consciousness, harmony
of body & mind, psychological & natural
 Unhealthy – lack of consciousness,
psychological & natural disharmony
 Intervention – meditation, psychological
treatment, intervention
 Philosophical
foundation – Biblical
teachings
 View of human nature – Imago Dei
 Healthy – clarity of identity & function
 Unhealthy – unclear identity & function;
disintregated past, present, future
 Intervention – clear identity & function,
self acceptance; integrated past,
present,& future

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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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