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Lecture 17 – Psyco 350, B1 Fall, 2011 N. R. Brown Outline 1. Autobiographical Memory – Part 2 2. The Partner Discrepancy – Part 2 Psyco 350 Lec #15– Slide 2 Studying E-to-E Organization: Event-cueing Brown & Schopflocher (1998) General Method: Cueing event: auto event1 [E1] Cued event: auto event2 [E2] Assumption: E1 & E2 often associated Implication: pattern of E1 E2 relations reflects underlying organization Brown & Schopflocher (1998) Two groups (during Phase 1 only): word-cued group important-event group Five Phases: 1. generate cueing events 2. event-cueing task 3. relations-coding task 4. event-dating task 5. Importance-rating task Phase 1 Important-Events Condition • E1 acquisition: Prompt event1 [E1] • task: to recall important personal event • (e.g., my mom and telling me that my dad was going to move out) • 14 trials • Retrieval time was measured • Memories (E1s) were typed • 72 undergrads Phase 1 Word-Cue Condition • E1 acquisition: Cue word event1 [E1] • task: to recall a personal event related to the cue word • CAR when I was 15, I stole a car. • 14 nouns • Retrieval time was measured • Memories (E1s) were typed • 73 undergrads Phase 2 Event-cueing Task • Identical for both important-events and wordcue conditions • E2 acquisition: event1 [E1] event2 [E2] • My mom and dad telling me my dad was going to move out [E1] Dad leaving a note on my pillow saying bye [E2] . • All E1s served as cues • Retrieval time was measured • Memories (E2s) were typed Phase 3 Relation-Coding Task • Identical for both important-events and wordcue conditions • [E1 & E2] + Relation Menu Select relation(s) • All event pairs scored • Unrestricted selection • Untimed Phase 3 Relation-Coding Task • Event A: My mom and dad telling me my dad was going to move out. • Event B: Dad leaving a note on my pillow saying bye – – – – – – – Did event A and B involve the same person or persons? Did event A and B involve the same activity? Did event A and B involve the same location? Did one of the events cause the other? Is one of the events part of the other? Are both events part of a single broader event? Are event A and event B related in some other way? Phase 4 Event Dating Task • Identical for both conditions • Ex Date for Ex • My mom and dad was telling me my dad was going to move out June 30, 1986 • All events dated • Random presentation • Untimed Phase 5 Importance Rating Task • Identical for both conditions • Ex Importance rating for Ex (1-to-5 scale) • My mom and dad was telling me my dad was going to move out 5 • All events rated • Random presentation • Untimed Horizontal Organization: Two General Positions Special Narrative Processing Position • created ONLY by narrative processing given to important life stories Matter-of-Course Position • normal memory processing • higher-level cognitive processing – planning, evaluation, comprehension • narration Competing Predictions Narrative Position: • Only important events will frequently cue cluster mates. Matter-of-course Position: • Important and unimportant events will frequently cue cluster mates B&S Results: Event Age B&S: Results Defining clustered Pairs: • Clustered Pairs: – Either cause, subevent, or "same story" relation indicated. • Nonclustered Pairs: – Neither cause, subevent, nor "same story" relation indicated. % Clustered: • Important-Events Group: • Word-Cued Group: 81% 75% Percentage of Clustered Pairs B&S Results: Clustering & Importance 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Important-Events Group Word-Cued Group 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cueing Event Importance B&S Results: Clustered vs Nonclustered Pairs Median Time(sec) to Retrieve Cued event (E2) importantevent word-cued 6.8 6.6 nonclustered 8.4 8.2 clustered Median Difference(Days) between Cueing (E1) & Cued Event (E2) importantevent word-cued clustered 2.0 1.0 nonclustered 210.5 319.5 B&S Results: Clustered vs Nonclustered Pairs Interevent Relations as a Function of Clustering Same Person Same Location Same Activity Other 54% 52% 39% 16% nonclustered 44% 33% 32% 32% clustered Summary Main Claims: • Event clusters very common • Clustered events: – causally & thematically related – temporally proximate Evidence: • 80% clustered • RT: clustered < nonclustered • Age s: clustered << nonclustered • Overlapping story elements: – clustered > nonclustered Interpreting Event Clusters • A Strong Narrative Position • Event clusters are narratives. • Narrative processes necessary for creation/ maintenance of autobiographical memory. Interpreting Event Clusters • A Comprise Position • Clustering prompted by: – temporal contiguity – similarity – causal reasoning – goal directed planning and evaluation • Narrative creation/maintenance facilitated by clustering Retrieval Processes in Autobiographical Memory (Uzer, Lee & Brown, 2011) Models of Autobiographical memory (AM) assume two retrieval strategies: – Generative retrieval – Direct retrieval Generative retrieval has been assumed as a normative form of retrieval Introduction Retrieval processes: Reaction time (RT) Studies have shown: – Concrete nouns < emotion terms – Personal periods < common activities – Common activities < general actions Introduction RT differences: – As an index of effort required to generate appropriate cues – Generation is easy and fast, when cue accesses to associative links – Generation is slower and harder, when cue must be reformulated to access to associative links Introduction Dual Retrieval Strategies Approach: – RT differences reflect multiple retrieval strategies – RTs reflect weighted blend of generative and direct retrieval modes Current Questions • How common are direct and generative retrieval? • Would retrieval strategy change as a function of task conditions (e.g., the types of cues provided)? • Would RT differences still occur holding retrieval strategy constant? Exp 1: Method 40 U of A undergraduate students Within-subjects design Procedure: Cue word : “specific personal event that is related to the cue word” Two types of cue words: – Concrete nouns (e.g., chair, pencil, book) – Emotion terms (e.g., shy, happy, sad) Exp 1: Method Concurrent verbal protocols:“Think out loud by verbalizing all your thoughts as you are thinking them” Pressing SPACEBAR as memory is retrieved (RT) Strategy Report: Participants were asked if the memory came directly into mind - “Y” for YES or “N” for NO Brief written report of memory Exp 1: Results Exp 1: Method Exp 1: Method Exp 1: Method Exp 1: Issues Concurrent verbal protocols: Reactivity to generative retrieval “Did this memory came immediately to mind” might create a demand for directly retrieved memories. Exp 2: Method 300 U of A undergraduate students Procedure: Cue-words ---- AM (Identical to Exp 1.) Pressing SPACEBAR as memory is retrieved (RT) Exp 2: Method Strategy Report: Cond. 1 (Direct): “Did the memory come immediately to mind” Yes or No responses Cond. 2 (Generative ) : “Did you actively search to recall this memory?” Yes or No responses Cond. 3 (Both Option): “How did you retrieve this memory?” -The memory came immediately to mind -I actively searched to recall the memory Generative Ret. Direct Ret. 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Concrete Emotion Concrete Emotion Direct Condition Generative Condition 12 11 10 Median RTs (sec) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Direct Generative Direct Condition Generative Condition 8 7 Median RTs (sec) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Concrete Emotion Generative Ret. Direct Ret. 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Concrete Emotion Concrete Emotion Exp 2: Issues Problems: Participants might be deciding about their retrieval strategies based on time. Asking people whether memory directly came to mind or you searched is confounded with time. When you directly retrieve it is fast when you search it takes time. Exp 3: Rationale Another approach: looking at “use of information”. Direct Retrieval: You don’t use any information to find the memory, the memory comes straight to your mind. Generative Retrieval: To find the memory you have to search for/use some type of information (e.g., people in your life, any time period, places you have been, etc). Exp 3: Method 300 U of A undergraduate students Procedure: Cue-words ---- AM (Identical to Exp 1.) Pressing SPACEBAR as memory is retrieved (RT) Exp 3: Method Strategy Report: Condition 1 (Direct Cond.):“This memory was triggered by the cue word so I did not have to use information about my life to help me recall this memory.” Yes or No responses Yes: Direct Retrieval Exp 3: Method Strategy Report: Condition 2 (Generative Cond.) : “This memory wasn’t triggered by the cue word so I had to use information about my life to help me recall this memory.” Yes or No responses Yes: Generative Retrieval Generative Ret. Direct Ret. 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Concrete Emotion Concrete Emotion Direct Condition Generative Condition 8 7 Median RTs (sec) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Concrete Emotion Direct Condition Generative Condition 12 11 10 Median RTs (sec) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Direct Generative Direct Ret. 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Generative Ret. 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Concrete Emotion Concrete Emotion Significance and Future Questions Showed the prevalence of direct retrieval in autobiographical memory Utility of using retrieval strategy and RT measures to interpret RT differences in retrieving autobiographical memories, Accounted for cue type effect in autobiographical memory retrieval Experimental Summary Multiple strategies Strategy selection restricted by memory contents Bias & Strategy related: • enumeration underestimation • rough aprox overestimation Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 51 Lifetime Partner Discrepancy from the MSP Multiple strategies: • Enumeration • Rough Approximation • Others(?) Strategy & magnitude related. • enumeration < rough aprox Strategy selection related to sex ♀>♂ Rough Aprox: ♂ > ♀ • Enumeration: • Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 52 MSP Predictions – Past Year Estimates • Comparable past-year reports • Multiple strategies used • Strategy & magnitude related • Strategy & sex of respondent unrelated Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 53 A Questionnaire Study: Brown & Sinclair (1999) Method: • Demographics • SP reports: – lifetime estimate & written strategy report – past-year estimate & written strategy report • Attitude measures Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 54 A Questionnaire Study: Brown & Sinclair (1999) Participants: University Students: AB, PA, NJ 1036 ♀ 687 ♂ Age: M = 20.7 MD = 19 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 55 Percent of Participants Distribution of SP Estimates -- AlbertaQ 40 35 Men Women 30 25 Mean SP 3.5 2.4 MD SP 1 1 20 Men Women 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 > 50 Estimated Number of Lifetime SPs Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 56 Sexual Active Subset -- AlbertaQ • Most active 10%; SP 8 • Heterosexual • 90 Females Age: md = 22 SPs: m = 13.61 • 85 Males Age: md = 23 SPs: m = 19.91 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 57 Percent of Participants SP Est– Sexaul Active Subset -- AlbertaQ 2.31 Men Women 1.98 1.65 Mean SP 19.9 13.6 MD SP 15 12 1.32 Men Women 0.99 0.66 0.33 0.00 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Estimated Number of Lifetime SPs Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 58 > 50 Protocol Content – AlbertaQ Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 59 Sample Protocols -- AlbertaQ Enumeration (Retrieve & Count) • "By retracing chronologically the partners I've had. Beginning with the first, ending with the present." -M, 20 • "I recalled and counted." -- F, 18 • "Counted all the names I remembered." -- F, 11 • "I can recall who they were and can count them." -F, 15 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 60 Sample Protocols -- AlbertaQ Rough Approximation • “Rough guess, give or take 1 or 2 partners." -- M, 16 • "Rough estimate plus-or-minus error 5" -- M, 20 •"I used to keep count. # has slowed down is likely about there" -- M, "30 (or so)“ • "It is a guess based on the amount of partners I have had at the minimum.“ -- M, 50 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 61 Sample Protocols -- AlbertaQ Retrieved Tally • "Keep track of them as they occurred." -- M, 21 • "I know the number without thinking as it has been previously discussed among friends“-- M, 10 • "I didn't estimate. I've kept count."-- F, 11 • "I kept track in my diary and I know that my boyfriend is #27." -- F, 27 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 62 Sample Protocols -- AlbertaQ Rate • "Avg of 5/year from 16-21, then remained monogamous." -- M, 25 • "The average length of relationship since the time I became sexually active." -- M, 20 Ambiguous/Unclear • "Memory." -- M, 22“ • “I remember them."-- M, 10 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 63 Strategy Usage – Sexual Active – AlbertaQ Percent of SA Participants 60 55 50 45 Men Women 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 EN TA AP AM EN = ENumeration TA = TAlly AP= rough APproximation AM = AMbiguous Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 64 MD Lifetime SPs X Strategy Sexual Active AlbertaQ Men Women 32 MD Lifetime SP 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 EN TA AM AP EN = ENumeration TA = TAlly AM = AMbiguous AP= rough APproximation Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 65 Past-Year Estimates • Male (m=3.45) Female (m=2.58) • Multiple strategies used. • Strategy use & SP related • No relation between sex & strategy Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 66 Summary Lifetime Estimates ♂ SPs > ♀ SPs Multiple strategies used. Strategy & magnitude related • enumeration < rough aprox Sex & strategy related. • enumeration: ♀ > ♂ • rough aprox: ♂ > ♀ Conclusion: • MSP accounts for discrepancy Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 67 Summary: Past-Year Estimates ♂ SPs ♀ SPs Multiple strategies used. Strategy & magnitude related Sex & strategy unrelated. Implications: • bad faith responses unlikely • ♂ & ♀ from same sample Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 68 USA Population Surveys-- Tess Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 69 USA Population Surveys – TessW & TessT • TESS -- Time-sharing Experiments for the Social Sciences • NSF funded program – Survey-based Experiments Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 70 USA Web-based Surveys – TessW & TessT Motivations: 1. Replication 2. Modality Effects 3. Assess impact of self-screening questions 4. Assess strategy manipulations Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 71 USA Web-based Surveys – TessW & TessT • US data collection: 2004 • TessT: Sample: stratified sample; random digit dialed telephone survey • TessW -- Knowledge Network Panel: RDD recruit panel members Members receive free hardware & internet service Sample drawn at random from panel. Data collect via web-based questionnaire. Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 72 Method -- Tess 1. Estimates # of SP – Three Versions 2. Indicated estimation strategy – Strategy Menu 3. Sexual orientation 4. Two attitude questions 5. Rate embarrassment 6. Rate truthfulness of response 7. Rate bias of responses Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 73 Method -- TessW 1. Estimates # of SP – Three Versions Control: “Please report your number of lifetime sexual partners” Approx: “Off the top of your head, please provide a rough estimate of your number of lifetime sexual partners.” Enum: “Please think back over your lifetime starting with your first sexual partner and count all of your sexual partners up to and including your most recent partner.” Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 74 Method -- Tess 2. Indicated estimation strategy – Strategy Menu I just now thought back over my lifetime and tried to remember and count each sexual partner. I made a rough guess, plus or minus a few sexual partners. It was a very small number, so I just knew. I keep a running tally of my number of sexual partners and I remembered this number (for example, I use a diary or I have been keeping track in my head over time). I thought about the number of different sexual partners who I’ve been with in an average year and multiplied by the number of years that I’ve been sexually active (for example, about 5 a year for 5 years equals 25) I used some other method to come up with my response. Please specify: Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 75 Method -- Tess 3. First Attitude Question I believe a relationship should form before someone has sex. 1=Agree strongly somewhat Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 76 2=Disagree strongly somewhat 3=Neither Method -- Tess 4. Second Attitude Question I would only have sex in the context of a serious relationship. 1=Agree strongly somewhat Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 77 2=Disagree strongly 3=Neither somewhat Method -- Tess 5. Rated embarrassment I felt embarrassed answering the questions about my number of lifetime sexual partners 1=Agree strongly somewhat Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 78 2=Disagree strongly 3=Neither somewhat Method -- Tess 6. Rated truthfulness of response I was truthful in my report of my number of lifetime sexual partners 1=Agree strongly somewhat Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 79 2=Disagree strongly 3=Neither somewhat Method -- TessW 7. Rated bias of the estimate. In terms of report of my number of lifetime sexual partners, I think that: I greatly under-reported I slightly under-reported I was accurate in my report I slightly over-reported I greatly over-reported my number of lifetime sexual partners Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 80 Research Questions Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 81 Research Questions -- Tess • Will the strategy difference replicate? • Mode Effects: – Will web-based administration decrease the discrepancy? – Will web-based administration affect strategy selection? • Will self-ratings yield self-incrimination (SI)? • Will the partner discrepancy & strategy differences disappear when SIs removed? Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 82 Research Questions -- Tess Mode Effect: • Anonymity promotes disclosure. – Discrepancy: Web < Telephone • Web conventions (“flaming trolls”) condone exaggeration. – Discrepancy: Web > Telephone Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 83 Research Questions -- Tess • Will instructions affect strategy choice? • If so: – Will the instructional effect be a large one? – Will instructions effect (decreases) the discrepancy? Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 84 Results 1. 2. 3. 4. The Sample Strategy Differences The Discrepancy Attitudes Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 85 The Samples Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 86 Sample – TessT(elephone) • Sample: n = 1641 • Relevant Subset: heterosexual, sexually experienced provided: SP estimate & strategy report • Retained: 87.1% Age ♂ ♀ Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 87 M 49.8 MD N 49.0 727 51.3 50.5 702 Sample – TessW(eb) • Sample: n = 1893 • Relevant Subset: heterosexual, sexually experienced provided: SP estimate & strategy report • Retained: 89.5% ♂ ♀ Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 88 Age M MD N 47.1 46 845 48.3 48 847 Classification of Respondents Telephone Women Men Sexually-experienced Heterosexuals (SeH): Tel – W 86.6% Tel – M 87.5% Web – W 90.3% Web – M 88.7% Web Women Men 100 90 % Respondents 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 89 TR Se H SI Se H GLB No Or Virg No SP Terminate Self-Incriminators • Defining Self-Incriminators (SIs) – Truthfulness Response: NR, 1, 2, or 3 • SIs uncommon -– Telephone – Women – Telephone – Men – Web – Women – Web – Men Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 90 % Se H 3.7% 3.7% 5.3% 6.5% Tr(uth) SeH Samples ♂ ♀ Telephone Age M MD N 49.5 49 700 51.3 50 676 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 91 ♂ ♀ Web Age M MD N 46.8 46 791 48.32 48 802 Strategy Differences Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 92 Strategy Selection: Sex Differences Women 45 Men *** 40 35 30 5 5 0 0 at R Ap r * Reported Strategy Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 93 th er 10 O 10 *** e 15 O th er 15 e 20 Ta lly 20 En um 25 ox 25 *** at *** R 30 lly 35 Ta 40 *** Kn ow Ap ro x En um 45 55 Web Survey 50 50 Kn ow Percentage of All Responses 55 Telephone Survey Strategy Selection: Mode Differences *** Men 55 50 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 Reported Strategy Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 94 e R at lly Ta um En O th R at Ta En ro Ap Kn + x 0 er 0 e 5 lly 5 um 10 x 10 *** ro *** 15 er 35 *** th 40 O 40 Ap 45 Telephone Web 45 ow Telephone Web Kn 50 ow Percentage of All Responses 55 Women Relation between Strategy & SPs: Sex Differences Web Survey Telephone Survey *** 20 Median Estimated SP Women Men Women Men 18 16 14 12 10 *** 8 *** 6 4 *** 2 Reported Strategy Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 95 er O th m En u ox Ap r w Kn o er O th m En u ox Ap r Kn o w 0 Relation between Strategy & SPs: Mode Differences Men Women Percentage of All Responses 20 Telephone Web 18 *** 16 Telephone Web 14 12 10 8 *** *** 6 4 * 2 Reported Strategy Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 96 er th O um En ro x Ap ow Kn er th O um En ro x Ap Kn ow 0 Replicating the Partner Discrepancy Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 97 Distribution of SPs 35 Telephone Survey 30 Women Men Percent of Experienced Hetrosexuals 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 35 45 50 <50 Web Survey 30 Women Men 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Reported Number of Sexual Partners Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 98 50 <50 Distribution of SPs 35 Women 30 Telepone Web Percent of Experienced Hetrosexuals 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 35 50 <50 Men 30 Telephone Web 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Reported Number of Sexual Partners Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 99 50 <50 Mean SP Mean SPs 27 All SeH 27 24 24 21 21 18 18 15 15 12 12 9 9 6 6 3 3 0 0 Col 2: 5.27 Col 2: 17.83 Col 2: 11.29 Col 2: 21.96 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 100 Tr SeH • Effects: Mode*** Sex*** Mode X Sex * • SIs unimportant Median SPs Medain SPs All SeH Tr SeH 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 101 0 Telephone -- Women Telephone -- Men Web -- Women Web -- Men • Women: Web > Tel • Men: Web = Tel • SIs unimportant Outliers (Se Hs) Telephone Sample Web Sample 3000 2000 1000 750 Reported SPs 500 250 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 7 5 3 1 Women Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 102 Men Women Men Mode Effects: Sex & Mode Differences 1.0 0.9 Cumulative Percent 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Telephone -- Women Telephone -- Men Web -- Women Web -- Men 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Estimated Number of Sexual Parnters Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 103 90 100 Mode Effect: SP ≥ 10 39 Effects: • Sex*** % 10 or More SPs 36 33 Men Women 30 27 24 ================= 21 •Web-♀ almost twice as likely to indicate at least 10 SPs as Tel-♀ 18 15 12 Telephone Survey Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 104 • Mode*** •Mode X Sex*** Web • For ♂s, no effect of Mode. Attitudes Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 105 Are people more embarrassed on the phone? Embarassment 5.0 Sexns 4.5 Mode X Sexns 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Women -- Telephone Women -- Web Men -- Telephone Men -- Web Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 106 Modens Does mode affect attitude response? I believe a relationship should orm before someone has sex. I would only have sex in the context of a serious relationship. Question #1: Mode*** 5.0 Sex*** 4.5 Mode X Sex+ 4.0 ============== 3.5 Question #2: Mode*** Sex*** Mode X Sex+ 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Women -- Telephone Women -- Web Men -- Telephone Men -- Web Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 107 TESS Summary: Strategies • Multiple strategies used • Sex & strategy selection: – Approximation: ♂ > ♀ –“Just Know”: ♀ > ♂ • Mode Effects: – “Just Know”: – Other: Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 108 Web > Tel Tel > Web And Finally… Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 109 The Discrepancy Reduced/Eliminated in 20’s Cohort Telephone Survey Web Survey 1.05 Mean Log10SP 0.90 0.75 0.60 0.45 0.30 Women Men Women Men 0.15 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 20s Cohort Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 110 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s TESS Summary: Strategies • Estimate related to strategy – Aprox > Enum > JK • SPs & Aprox: ♂ > ♀ • SPs & Aprox for ♀: Web > Tel Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 111 TESS Summary: Mode Effects • Self Incrimination: Web > Tel • Attitudes: Web > Tel • Embarrassment: Web = Tel Web promotes disclosure. Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 112 TESS Summary: SP • Replicate Discrepancy • Sex X Mode Interaction Consistent w/ Social Desirability Account • Sex X Cohort Interaction Memory/Behavioral Differences Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 113 Conclusions • Three-pronged Account necessary – Direct evidence for • Strategy Differences • Social Desirability – Sampling • PSW – “conspicuous by their absence” Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 114 Questions Why do men favor rough approximation? • Memory • Motivation • Distributional Psyco 350 Lec #17– Slide 115