Download Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral
Resources
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
16th Edition
Chapter 14
Key Concepts
 Major geologic processes
 Earthquakes and volcanoes
 Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle
 Finding and extracting mineral resources
 Non-renewable mineral resources
Geologic Processes: Structure of
the Earth
Fig. 4-7 p. 60
Earth Structure animation
Features of the Crust and Upper
Mantle
Fig. 16-2 p. 333
Plate Tectonics
Divergent boundary
Convergent boundary
Subduction zone
Transform fault
Refer to Fig. 16-3 p. 334
Fig. 16-5 p. 336
Spreading
Oceanic tectonic
center
plate
Ocean trench
Oceanic tectonic
plate
Collision between
two continents
Plate movement
Tectonic plate
Plate movement
Oceanic
Subduction crust
zone
Oceanic
crust
Continental
crust
Continental
crust
Material cools
as it reaches
the outer
mantle
Mantle
convection
cell
Two plates move
towards each other.
One is subducted
back into the mantle
on falling convection
current.
Cold dense
material falls
back through
mantle
Hot material
rising
through
the mantle
Mantle
Hot outer
core
Inner
core
Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
Fig. 16-4, p. 335
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary
Trench
Volcanic island arc
Rising
magma
Subduction
zone
Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergent
plate boundary
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Fracture zone
Transform
fault
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries
External Earth Processes
Erosion
Mechanical weathering
Frost wedging
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering
Natural Hazards: Earthquakes
 Features
 Magnitude
 Aftershocks
 Primary effects
 Secondary effects
Fig. 16-6 p. 337
Expected Earthquake Damage
No damage expected
Minimal damage
Canada
Moderate damage
Severe damage
United States
Fig. 16-7 p. 337
Measuring earthquakes:
Earthquake waves
How earthquakes
happen: Earthquake
cause
Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions
extinct
volcanoes
central
vent
magma
conduit
magma
reservoir
Solid
lithosphere
Upwelling
magma
Partially molten
asthenosphere
Fig. 16-8 p. 338
Black smoker
White
smoker
Sulfide
deposit
Magma
Tube worms
White crab
White clam
Minerals and Rocks
Mineral (diamond, quartz)
Rock Types
Igneous (granite, basalt)
Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)
Metamorphic (marble, slate)
Transport
Erosion
Deposition
Shale, Sandstone,
Limestone
Rock
Cycle
Weathering
Igneous Rock
Granite, Pumice,
Basalt
Sedimentary Rock
Heat,
Pressure
Heat,
Metamorphic Rock
Pressure
Slate, Quartzite,
Marble
Magma
(Molten Rock)
Fig. 16-9 p. 339
Erosion
Transportation
Weathering
Deposition
Igneous Rock
Granite,
pumice,
basalt
Sedimentary Rock
Shale, sandstone,
limestone
Heat, pressure
Heat, pressure,
stress
Magma
(molten rock)
Melting
Metamorphic Rock
Slate, marble,
quartzite
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Metallic
Non-metallic
Energy resources
Ores
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources:
Categories
Identified
Undiscovered
Reserves
Other
Fig. 16-10 p. 340
Finding Nonrenewable Mineral
Resources
Satellite and air imagery
Radiation detectors
Magnetometers
Gravity differences
Seismic surveys
Chemical analyses
Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral
Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12
Open-pit (surface mining)
Dredging (surface mining)
Area strip (surface mining)
Contour strip (surface mining)
Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)
Longwall (subsurface mining)
Open Pit Mine
Dredging
Contour Strip Mining
Area Strip Mining
Ventilation
shaft
Main
shaft
Lift cage
Shaft
Coal
seams
Pumps
Underground Coal Mine
Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation Act
Established 1977
Mine lands must be restored to premining conditions
Taxes on mining companies to
restore pre-1977 sites
Limited success
Extra credit
assignment: Read,
summarize and
comment on: Mining
companies make
fortunes off of public
land
Environmental Effects of Mining
Mineral Resources
Disruption of land surface
Subsidence
Erosion of solid mining waste
Acid mine drainage
Air pollution
Storage and leakage of liquid mining
waste
Environmental Effects of Mining
Mineral Resources
Fig. 16-14 p. 344
More Environmental Impacts of
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Surface mining
Subsurface mining
Overburden
Room and pillar
Spoil
Longwall
Open-pit
Dredging
Strip mining
Refer to Figs. 15-4 and
15-5, p. 341 and 342
Processing Mineral Resources
Ore mineral
Gangue
Tailings
Smelting
Refer to Fig. 16-15 p. 344
Supplies of Mineral Resources
 Economic depletion
 Depletion time
 Foreign sources
 Environmental concerns
 Economics
 New technologies
 Mining the ocean
 Finding substitutes
Fig. 16-16 p. 346
Smelting
Separation
of ore from
gangue
Melting
metal
Metal ore
Conversion
to product
Recycling
Discarding
of product
Surface
mining
Scattered in environment