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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST
NOTABLE DISASTERS
MEXICO
PART 3: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
MEXICO
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED
DISASTERS IN MEXICO
FLOODS
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE
AND COMMUNITIES
STORMS
EARTHQUAKES
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM
BECOMING DISASTER
NRESILIENT
DUST STORMS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Natural Phenomena That Cause
Disasters
Planet Earth’s
heat flow causes
movement of
lithospheric
plates, which
causes faulting,
which causes
EARTHQUAKES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
Information in this file is based
on experiences shared by
Mexican ministries, universities,
and officials with neighboring
countries and others.
EARTHQUAKES DEFINE PLATE BOUNDARIES:
PACIFIC, EURASIAN, NA, SA, NASCA, CARIBBEAN,
COCOS, AND PHILIPPINES PLATES
FAULTS: COCOS PLATE
SUBDUCTION ZONE
Mexico has a long historical
record of earthquakes
CAUSE OF SEISMICITY
• The interaction of the Cocos
and North American plates is
the main factor behind the
seismicity of Mexico.
ELEMENTS OF RISK AND
DISASTER
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE
RISK
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
SEISMICITY
TECTONIC
SETTING &
FAULTS
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD MODEL
FAULTS: COCOS PLATE
SUBDUCTION ZONE
LOCATION OF
STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND
VALUE OF
STRUCTURE
AND
CONTENTS
EXPOSURE
MODEL
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
(the potential disaster
agents)
SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE,
GROUND SHAKING, GROUND
FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION,
LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS
FAULT RUPTURE
DAMAGE/LOSS
EARTHQUAKE
GROUND
SHAKING
DAMAGE/LOSS
TSUNAMI
DAMAGE/ LOSS
TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
FOUNDATION
FAILURE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SITE
AMPLIFICATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LIQUEFACTION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LANDSLIDES
DAMAGE/ LOSS
AFTERSHOCKS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
GROUND SHAKING
GTOUND SHAKING HAZARD
QUALITY OF
DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF
LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
VULNERABILITY
MODEL
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE
DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO
GROUND SHAKING
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO,
% OF REPLACEMENT VALUE
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
V
VI
VII
INTENSITY
VIII
IX
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN
WHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT
WITH MEXICO’S COMMUNITIES
(INCLUDING THE CAPITAL)
A DISASTER is ----- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond
without external help when three
continuums: 1) people, 2) community
(i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and
social constructs), and 3) complex
events (e.g., earthquakes, floods,…)
intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by
single- or multiple-event
natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality,
morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses,
or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the
functions of the community’s
buildings and infrastructure will be
LOST because they are
UNPROTECTED with the
appropriate codes and standards.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely
happen, not to mention the
low-probability of occurrence—
high-probability of adverse
consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER
PLANNING SCENARIO or
WARNING SYSTEM in place as a
strategic framework for early threat
identification and coordinated
local, national, regional, and
international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE
CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a
timely and effective manner to
the full spectrum of expected
and unexpected emergency
situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT
during recovery and
reconstruction because it HAS
NOT LEARNED from either the
current experience or the
cumulative prior experiences.
EXAMPLES OF PAST
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
THE MEXICO CITY EARTHQUAKE
M8.1
7:19 AM, SEPTEMBER 19, 1985
1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE
• SEPTEMBER 19, 1985
• M8.1
• A SUBDUCTION ZONE
QUAKE
• ALTHOUGH LARGER
THAN USUAL, THE
EARTHQUAKE WAS
NOT A “SURPRISE”
• A MODERN BUILDING
CODE ADOPTED AND
IMPLEMENTED
BEFORE THE
EARTHQUAKE WAS
INADEQUATE
1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE
• EPICENTER LOCATED
240 KM FROM MEXICO
CITY
• 412 BUILDINGS
COLLAPSED IN OLD
LAKE BED ZONE OF
MEXICO CITY
• 2 SECOND PERIOD
SOIL-STRUCTURE
RESONANCE IN OLD
LAKE BED ZONE WAS
A MAJOR FACTOR IN
COLLAPSES
1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE:
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
COLLAPSE OF CRITICAL
STRUCTURES--HOSPITALS
COLLAPSE: ESSENTIAL
STRUCTURES--SCHOOLS
STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS
POUNDING
NUEVA LEON APARTMENT
BUILDINGS
SEARCH AND RESCUE
SEARCH AND RESCUE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS (SCT)
RAILROAD TRACKS
IMPACTS
• Although the epicenter was located far
from Mexico city, the soft soil of the old
lake bed the city is sited on amplified
the ground shaking in Mexico City,
damaging 3,124 buildings, collapsing
412 of them and killing between 10,000
– 40,000 people.
IMPACTS
•
The economic loss was
between $3-4 billion.
LARGE MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES IN
MEXICO ARE INEVITABLE
• ---SO, DON’T WAIT
FOR ANOTHER
REMINDER OF THE
IMPORTANCE OF
BECOMING
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENT.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
EARTHQUAKE RISK
• EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
MEXICO’S
COMMUNITIES
EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER RESILIENCE
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
PREPAREDNESS FOR
ALL OF THE LIKELY
AND UNLIKELY
HAZARDS AND
RISKS IS ESSENTIAL
FOR DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
PROTECTION OF
BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
AGAINST COLLAPSE
AND LOSS OF
FUNCTION IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
TECHNOLOGIES
THAT FACILITATE
PREPARATION OF
DISASTER
SCENARIOS ARE
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
TIMELY
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION
(I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A
COMMON GOAL)
FOR BECOMING
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENT
QUESTION
• WHAT DOES A CITY OR A
MEGACITY DO TO MAKE ITS
BUILDINGS LESS VULNERABLE
TO EARTHQUAKES?