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CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY plate tectonics continental drift mid-ocean ridge 8.1 What is Plate Tectonics? ___________ proposed the hypothesis of ___________________ to explain how a single land mass had separated into separate continents, which ____________________. Africa South America SECTION OUTLINE Areas in which mesosaurus fossils have been found Fossil evidence found in South America and Africa support the hypothesis that the continents were once joined. CHAPTER 8 Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY plate tectonics continental drift mid-ocean ridge CHAPTER HOME 8.1 What is Plate Tectonics? •Alfred Wegner proposed the hypothesis of continental drift to explain how a single land mass had separated into separate continents, which drifted apart. •Based his hypothesis on __________________and _______________________ on separate continents •Also matching ___________________________ Later discoveries supported the idea that the continents had _______________, but demonstrated that the continents were not “drifting” but _________ moving ____________________________________ SECTION OUTLINE The Theory of _______________ • States that the _____________ of the Earth is broken into _______ called ___________ • These ________________ – some edges are moving ______ and some are moving ____________________. They can also ___________________________. CHAPTER 8 Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY plate tectonics continental drift mid-ocean ridge SECTION OUTLINE CHAPTER HOME 8.1 Plate movement causes tectonic activity The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of ______________ and ____________ in concentrated ____________________________. Earthquakes Volcanoes CHAPTER 8 Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY plate tectonics continental drift mid-ocean ridge 8.1 What is Plate Tectonics? Plate tectonics also account for a _______________ in the _____ and ___________ of rocks that spread out from ___________________ on the ocean floor. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Atlantic Ocean SECTION OUTLINE CHAPTER HOME East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley rift 8.2 Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move _____________________________. A rift valley is an example of a divergent boundary on land. ( see diagrams diverging rift file with McDougal visualizations ) convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench Type of Boundary collision boundary sea-floor spreading transform boundary Divergent SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved Characteristic Features Current Examples •mid-ocean ridges •rift valleys •earthquake activity at fracture zones along mid-ocean ridges •volcanic activity •Mid-Atlantic Ridge •East Pacific Rise CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley rift convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench 8.2 Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move ______________________________ boundaries. One plate may ________ under the other, as happens at deep-sea trenches, or the two plates may __________________. Type of Boundary collision boundary oceanocean subduction transform boundary Convergent SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved Characteristic Features •deep-sea trenches •volcanic island arcs •earthquake activity Current Examples •islands of Indonesia •Mariana Islands CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley rift convergent boundary 8.2 Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move ____________ each other at ___________________ boundaries. One plate may subduct under the other, as happens at deep-sea trenches, or the two plates may collide. (see file subduction diagrams, with McDougal visualizations) subduction boundary deep-sea trench Type of Boundary collision boundary transform boundary Convergent SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved Characteristic Features oceancontinent subduction •deep-sea trench bordering continent •volcanoes along coast of continent •earthquake activity Current Examples •western coast of South America CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley rift convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench 8.2 Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move ________________ each other at ______________ boundaries. One plate may _________________ under the other, as happens at deep-sea trenches, or the two plates may _______. Type of Boundary collision boundary transform boundary Convergent SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved Characteristic Features continentcontinent collision •high continental mountain chains •earthquake activity Current Examples •Himalayas CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley 8.2 Types of Plate Boundaries Plates ________________ each other at _____________ boundaries. rift convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench Type of Boundary collision boundary transform boundary Transform SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved plates sliding past each other Characteristic Features •earthquake activity Current Examples •San Andreas Fault •North Anatolian Fault (Turkey) •fracture zones along midocean ridges CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY mantle convection ridge push slab pull 8.3 Causes of Plate Movement ______________, ridge push, and slab pull are hypothetical models for the causes of plate movements. Deep-sea trench Mid-ocean ridge Deep-sea trench Mantle convection This image shows one model of how mantle convection may contribute to plate movement. SECTION OUTLINE This image shows as section of the East Pacific Rise, a mid-ocean ridge. CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane 8.4 Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the ___________ of _______________ to _______ over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call _________________. Pathalassa Ocean SECTION OUTLINE Tethys Sea 200 million years ago CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane 8.4 Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. Laurasia SECTION OUTLINE 180 million years ago CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane 8.4 Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. North America South America Asia Africa India Australia Antarctica SECTION OUTLINE 65 million years ago CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER HOME Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane 8.4 Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. North America Europe Asia Africa South America Australia Antarctica SECTION OUTLINE Modern Day CHAPTER 8 Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane CHAPTER HOME 8.4 Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. Scientists use _____________________________, and other geologic evidence to reconstruct past land movement. SECTION OUTLINE CHAPTER 8 Plate Tectonics VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane SECTION OUTLINE CHAPTER HOME 8.4 Plate Movements and Continental Growth The shapes of the landmasses have also changed. At the _________ of each continent is a _________, the _____________________ on the continent. The North American craton
