Download Plate Tectonics Review

Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Vocabulary
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Q: What backed up Wegener’s
theory of continental drift?
A: Sea-floor spreading.
Q: What are the three types of plate
boundaries?
A:
•Convergent
•Divergent
•Transform.
Q: What are the three
characteristics a terrane can be
classified by?
A:
•A terrane contains rock and fossils
that differ from the rock and fossils
of neighboring terranes.
•There are major faults at the
boundaries of a terrane.
•The magnetic properties of a
terrane generally do not match
those of neighboring terranes.
Q: What is mantle convection?
A: It is the process when cool
material sinks in the mantle, and
hot material rises. As this process
continues, the plates move with the
motion.
Q: Name four examples of
Wegener’s theory of continental
drift.
A:
•The same exact fossil was found
on two different continents split by
the Atlantic Ocean.
•The mountains had the same rock
ages as mountains on the other side
of an ocean.
•There were tropical plant fossils
that were found in Antarctica where
they can’t grow.
•There is evidence of glaciers
where they couldn’t be.
Q: What are the 4 types of
mountains?
A:
•Folded mountains
•Fault-block mountains
•Dome mountains
•Volcanic mountains
Q: What is the difference between a
normal fault and a reverse fault?
A: A normal faults crust move
away from each other, while a
reverse faults crust is moving up
and over a footwall.
Q: What are Earths 2 major
mountain belts?
A:
•Circum-Pacific belt
•Eurasian belt.
Q: What are isostatic adjustments?
A: The movements of the
lithosphere to reach isostacy.
Q: What are the 3 types of stress,
and what are their characteristics?
A:
•Compression is the type of stress
that squeezes and shortens a body.
•Tension is the type of stress that
occurs when a body is stretched
and pulled apart.
•Sheer stress distorts a body by
pushing parts of the body in
opposite directions.
Q: Where is the epicenter compared
to the focus of an earthquake?
A: The epicenter is on Earth’s
surface right above the focus.
Q: What is the modern tool for
measuring the magnitude of an
earthquake?
A: The moment magnitude scale
Q: Name both SURFACE waves
and how rocks move compared to
their wave movements?
A:
•Love wave - the rock moves sideto-side and perpendicular
•Rayleigh waves move rocks in
elliptical rolling motion
Q: What is the modern method for
locating the epicenter of an
earthquake?
A: First, a lag time graph for the
difference of arrival times of P and
S waves is created. This can
determine how far the epicenter is
from each seismograph station.
After getting this information it is
plugged into a computer and
triangulations are created to give
the location.
Q: What is the elastic rebound
theory?
A: 2 blocks of crust pressed against
each other at a fault are under stress
but do not move because friction
holds them in place. As stress
builds up at the fault, the crust
deforms. The rock fractures and
then snaps back into its original
shape, which causes an earthquake.
Q: Where does the largest amount
of magma come from?
A: The largest amount of magma
comes from mid-ocean ridges.
Q: What is mafic?
A: It describes magma or igneous
rock that is rich in magnesium and
iron and that is generally dark in
color.
Q: What is felsic?
A: It describes magma or igneous
rock that is rich in feldspar and
silica and that is generally light in
color.
Q: How does a Caldera form?
A: A Caldera forms during a
volcanic reaction. Volcanic
eruptions partially empty the
magma chamber. The top of the
cone collapses inward to form a
caldera.
Q: List the three ways magma
forms.
A:
•The temperature of rock rises
above the melting point of the
minerals the rock is composed of,
and the rock will melt.
•If enough pressure is removed
from the rock, the melting point
will decrease and the rock will
melt.
•The addition of fluids, such as
water, may decrease the melting
point of some minerals in the rock
and cause the rock to melt.
Q: What is the theory of continental
drift?
A: It is the hypothesis that states
the continents once formed a single
landmass, broke up, and drifted to
their present locations.
Q: What is mafic?
A: It describes magma or igneous
rock that is rich in feldspar and
silica and that is generally light in
color.
Q: What is paleomagnetism?
A: It is the study of the alignment
of magnetic minerals in rock,
specifically as it relates to the
reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles;
also the magnetic properties that
rock acquires during formation.
Q: What is deformation?
A: It is the bending, tilting, and
breaking of Earth’s crust; the
change in shape or volume of rock
in response to stress.
Q: Name all the properties of a P
Wave.
A:
•It is a primary wave, or
compression wave
•A seismic wave that causes
particles of rock to move in a backand-forth direction in which the
wave is traveling
•P waves are the fastest seismic
waves and can travel through
solids, liquids, and gases.