Download DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE. Part I

DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE
A PILLAR OF DISASTER RESILIENCE
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
The Timely And Intelligent
Concentration of a
City’s Resources to Meet
Extremely Urgent Needs
During the Initial Hours,
Days, and Weeks After a
Natural Hazard Strikes
THE FOCUS:
FROM UN—ABLE TO RESPOND
EFFECTIVELY
TO
INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING
AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED
RISK ASSESSMENT
•NATURAL HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
COMMUNITY
FOUR PILLARS OF
RESILIENCE
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY IENCE
A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN
A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES
ALLOW IT TO BECOME …
UN—PREPARED
UN—PROTECTED
UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
NON—RESILIENT IN THE RECOVERY
PHASE
A CITY BECOMES
DISASTER RESILIENT
WHEN IT IS …
PREPARED FOR THE INEVITABLE
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT ARE LIKELY
TO OCCUR AT THE WRONG TIME AND
IN THE WRONG PLACE RELATIVE TO
THE CITY’S SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS
A CITY BECOMES
DISASTER RESILIENT
WHEN …
ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS,
INFRASTRUCTURE, ESSENTIAL AND
CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED
BY CODES, STANDARDS, ETC AGAINST
THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF
LIKELY NATURAL HAZARDS
A CITY BECOMES
DISASTER RESILIENT
WHEN …
IT IS ABLE TO: A) RESPOND
INTELLIGENTLY IN REAL TIME TO
MOVE PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAY, B)
MEET THEIR NEEDS IN AN EMERGENCY,
AND C) RESTORE THE CITY’S BASIC
FUNCTIONS
A CITY BECOMES
DISASTER RESILIENT
WHEN …
IT’S POLICIES NOT ONLY ENABLE IT TO
RESIST DISASTERS WITHOUT FAILING,
BUT ALSO FACILITATES
A QUICK, SUSTAINABLE RECOVERY
AFTER THE EMERGENCY PHASE
DISASTER RESILIENCE
REQUIRES PUBLIC POLICIES THAT
INTEGRATE RESEARCH, SCIENTIFIC
KNOWLEDGE, AND EMERGING
TECHNOLOGIES
ON THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE
WITH THE
CITY’S POLITICAL PROCESS
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT
CAN CAUSE DIVERSE
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
CHINA, 2007: FLOODING CREATED
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
When Planet
Earth’s water
cycle produced
too much water
for the drainage
system to handle,
major flooding
occurred.
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE AND
DISASTER
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
FLOODS
CASE HISTORIES
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS
DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES
(HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND
WATER
JAPAN: 2011: TYPHOON ROKE CREATED
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
When the water
temperatures and
atmospheric
conditions were
right, Typhoon
Roke occurred
and traveled in
the Pacific Ocean.
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
WIND AND WATER
PENETRATE BUILDING
ENVELOPE
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES
WINDOWS
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
CASE HISTORIES
STORM SURGE AND HEAVY
PRECIPITATION
IRREGULARITIES IN
ELEVATION AND PLAN
POOR WORKMANSHIP
FAILURE OF NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2011: THE EARTHQUAKE
CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
The earthquake
was inevitable, but
the disaster was
caused when
ground shaking
interacted with
sun-dried, clay
brick-construction.
BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2003: CREATED
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE
FAULTING )
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN MASS,
STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS
CASE HISTORIES
FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE
RUNUP AND SEICHE
POOR DETAILING OF
STRUCTURALSYSTEM
FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
THAILAND: DEC. 26, 2004: THE TSUNAMI
CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
The tsunami
wave generated
by the M9.3
earthquake near
Banda Ache,
Indonesia
traversed the
entire Indian
Ocean.
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF
INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE
RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE
RUNUP
TSUNAMIS
CASE HISTORIES
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF
BUILDINGS
FLOODING
NO WARNING, OR
INADEQUATE WARNING
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF
TSUNAMI
JAPAN; JAN., 11, 2011: KIRISHIMA’S
ERUPTION CREATED EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS
When ongoing
convergence of
the Pacific and
Eurasian plates
reached a critical
point, the volcano
erupted explosively.
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
PROXIMITY TO LATERAL
BLAST
IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC
FLOWS
IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS
(TEPHRA)
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
CASE HISTORIES
IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH
(AVIATION)
IN PATH OF LAVA AND
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
IN PATH OF LAHARS
IGNORING WARNING TO
EVACUATE
AUSTRALIA, FEB. 2009: WILDFIRES
CREATEd EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Wildfires
occurred when
hot temperatures
and dry
conditions
intersected in
Australia.
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE AND
DISASTER
LIGHTNING STRIKES
MANMADE FIRES
PROXIMITY OF URBAN AREA
TO THE WILDLAND FIRE
WILDFIRES
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION
(DAY/NIGHT)
DRYNESS
HIGH TEMPERATURES
LOCAL FUEL SUPPLY
SO. CALIF., 2007: LANDSLIDES
CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
When unstable
slopes failed
after prolonged
precipitation, a
major landslide
occurred.
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE AND
DISASTERS
BUILDING ON UNSTABLE
SLOPES
BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK
SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK
SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
LANDSLIDES
BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK
SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
CASE HISTORIES
BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK
SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
SLOPE FAILURE AFTER
HEAVY PRECIPITATION
SLOPE FAILURE AFTER
GROUND SHAKING
THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE
1. PREPAREDNESS (HAZARD,
VULNERABILITY, AND RISK
ASSESSMENTS; PREDICTIONS,
FORECASTS AND WARNING; DISASTER
PLANNING SCENARIOS; INSURANCE;
INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY); …
THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE (Continued)
2. PROTECTION (IMPLEMENTATION OF
BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE
STANDARDS; SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN
AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR
ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL
FACILITIES) …
THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE (Continued)
3. EMERGENCY RESPONSE
(EVACUATION; MASS CARE; SEARCH
AND RESCUE; EMERGENCY MEDICAL;
EMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION;
LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND
INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE)…
THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE (Continued)
4. RECOVERY (RECONSTRUCTION;
LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL
BUSINESS RESUMPTION; POSTDISASTER STUDIES FOR PREDISASTER PREPAREDNESS)
SUMMARY OF DISASTER
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
• Communication
• Evacuation
• Mass Care
• Search and Rescue
KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
• Emergency Medical
• Emergency Transportation
• Local, Regional, and
International Assistance