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The Rock Cycle and
Changes in the Earth
The Rock Cycle and
Changes in the Earth
The Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
Properties of Rocks
What properties of each type of rock
did we observe?
may have large or small crystals; can be
 Igneous:
shiny or glassy; can have air holes that
allow it to float on water.
 Sedimentary:
have flat layers and may contain fossils;
they are usually softer than other rocks
and have grains that can easily be
scraped off the surface.
 Metamorphic:
has crystals or grains that are in wavy
layers.
Examples of Types of Rocks
What examples of each type
of rock have we identified?
 Igneous: Obsidian, Granite, Basalt, Pumice
 Sedimentary:
Sandstone, Limestone,
 Metamorphic:
Slate, Marble, Quartzite, Gneiss
Conglomerate, Shale
Rock Cycle
How are rocks formed?
 Igneous: forms when magma cools
and becomes solid.
 Sedimentary: forms when layers of
sediment join together making a
solid rock.
 Metamorphic: forms when other
rocks are heated and/or squeezed.
Review of Terms
Igneous – rock formed
when magma cools and
becomes solid.
Sedimentary
- rock
formed when sediment
joins together becoming a
solid rock.
Metamorphic – rock
formed when rocks are
heated and squeezed.
Review of Terms
Lava – melted rock that
flows out of the ground onto
the Earth’s surface.
Rock – a solid mixture of
minerals that was formed in
the Earth’s crust.
Mineral – a solid natural
material that has a crystal
form and its own set of
properties.
Property – a characteristic
of a substance.
Review of Terms
Rock Cycle – the
process of creating and
changing rocks.
Weathering – the
process of breaking rock into
smaller pieces by water, wind,
plants, and sun.
Melting – the process of
heating rock into a liquid.
Pressure – the process of
squeezing rock.
The Rock Cycle and
Changes in the Earth
Rocks and Minerals
Compare and Contrast
Rocks and Minerals
How Rocks & Minerals
Are Alike
 Both are solid earth
materials
 Both have crystals
 Both are made of
minerals
How Rocks & Minerals
Are Different
 Rocks contain 2 or
more minerals
 Minerals have only one
mineral
 Minerals have own
special properties
How did we Identify Minerals?
 Color – a mineral may be one color or
different colors.
 Luster – how a mineral’s surface reflects light
 Hardness – a mineral may be very hard or soft
 Streak – the color of the mark when it is
scraped on a white tile
 Magnetism – the attraction of a mineral to a
magnet
Review of Terms
Mineral – a solid natural material that has a
crystal form and its own set of properties
Rock – a solid mixture of minerals that was
formed in Earth’s crust
Property – a characteristic of a substance.
Properties include color, hardness,
streak and magnetism.
Review of Terms
Color – the color (s) contained in a rock
Hardness – the ability of a mineral to resist
being scratched.
Streak – the color of the mark that a mineral
makes when it is scraped on a white tile.
Magnetism – the ability of a rock to be
attracted to a magnet.
The Rock Cycle and
Changes in the Earth
Layers of the Earth
Layers of the Earth
Crust
Mantle
Core
– Inner core
– Outer Core
Layers of the Earth
Crust
 Outer most layer
 Thinnest layer of the
earth
 Made of solid cool rock
 Constantly being
reformed by erosion and
deposition
 Composed of two types:
 Continental
 Oceanic
Layers of the Earth
Mantle
 Made of melted rock
 Flows
 Moves the earth’s
plates around
 When it bursts
through the crust is
called lava
Layers of the Earth
Core
•
Outer Core
• Hot
• High pressure
• Molten metal –
nickel and iron
•
Inner core
• Very hot
• Very High pressure
• Solid metal –
nickel and iron
Review of Terms
 Crust
– the outer most layer of the earth. It is
composed of solid, cool rock.
 Mantle
– the layer of the earth between the core and
the crust. It is composed of melted rock.
 Core
– the center of the earth it is composed of iron and
nickel. It has 2 parts the inner and outer core.
 Inner core
– Very center of the earth It is composed
of solid metal because the pressure is so high.
 Outer core –
The layer of the core in between the
mantle and the inner core. It is composed of liquid metals.
The Rock Cycle and
Changes in the Earth
Changes
in
the
Earth
Ways the Earth’s
Surface Changes
Slow Changes
 Weathering
 Erosion
 Deposition
 Mountain Building
Rapid Changes
 Volcanoes
 Earthquakes
 Tsunamis
 Landslides
 Floods
Review of Terms
 Erosion: a slow earth changing process that
occurs when fragmented rock is removed by
gravity, water, wind, or glacial ice.
 Deposition: a slow earth changing process
that occurs when fragmented rock that has
eroded is dropped in a new place.
 Weathering: a slow earth changing
process that occurs when rock is broken down
and worn away by rock by water, wind, ice, and
plants.
Review of Terms
 Mountain Building: a slow earth changing
process of pushing rock up to form mountains.
 Volcanoes: a rapid earth changing process
that occurs when hot melted rock from inside the
earth (magma) is pushed up through the earth’s
surface (lava).
 Earthquakes: a rapid earth changing process
that occurs when hugs slabs of the earth’s crust
move against each other.
Review of Terms
 Tsunami: a rapid earth changing process that
happens when an earthquake occurs on the ocean
floor. It pushes water that becomes a large wave
as it reaches the shore.
 Landslide: a rapid earth changing process that
occurs when gravity pulls rocks and gravel down a
hill or mountain side.
 Flood: a rapid earth changing process that
occurs when water covers land that would
otherwise be dry. It can wash away soil and
deposits the soil in other places.
Review of Terms
 Eruption: the process by which solid, liquid,
and gaseous materials are ejected into the
earth’s atmosphere and onto the earth’s
surface by volcanic activity
 Lava: molten rock above ground
 Magma: molten rock under ground
 Volcano: a vent in the Earth’s crust from
which molten rock, hot steam, and other
materials may emerge