Download TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN MALAYSIA. A Paradigm

TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE
IN MALAYSIA
A Paradigm Shift
From Disaster Proneness That Will
Improve the Quality of Life in Malaysia
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
MALAYSIA
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Population: 23,522,482
Area: 329,750 km2
Coastline: 4675 km
GDP: $207.8 billion
GDP Per Capita: $9,000
MALAYSIA, A PART OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA, IS AT RISK
FROM NATURAL HAZARDS
CONTINUATION OF THE STATUS
QUO WHEN MALAYSIA IS AT RISK
AND DISASTER PRONE - - Will result in new and more complex
HEALTH PROBLEMS
WILL result in unnecessary
DEATHS AND INJURIES
WILL result in longer and more costly
RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
MALAYSIA IS AT RISK FROM
NATURAL HAZARDS
• CYCLONES
• FLOODS
(especially during
cyclone season)
• LANDSLIDES
(TRIGERED BY
TOO MUCH RAIN)
Floods and landslides from
cyclones are the primary hazards
affecting Malaysia.
Effects from earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions are from
distant sources.
Droughts also occur.
MALAYSIA IS ALSO AT RISK FROM
EFFECTS OF OTHER HAZARDS
• EARTHQUAKES
and VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS (from
sources outside
the country; i.e.,
Indonesia)
WESTERN MALAYSIA,
WHERE KUALA LAMPUR IS
LOCATED, IS AT GREATER
RISK THAN EASTERN
MALAYSIA
Natural Disaster
Risk Hotspots:
KUALA LUMPUR IS THE
FEDERAL CAPITAL
KUALA LUMPUR
KUALA LUMPUR
• The city covers an area of 243 km2
(94 sq mi) and had an estimated
population of 1.6 million in 2010.
• Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as
the Klang Valley, was an urban
agglomeration of 6.9 million in 2010
and one of the fastest growing
metropolitan regions in Malaysia.
KUALA LUMPUR AND
PUTRAJAVA
• Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial,
and economic center of Malaysia, and
also the seat of Malaysia’s Parliament
and the official residence of the King.
• Putrajava is the location of the
executive and judicial branches of the
federal government, which were
relocated from Kuala Lumpur in 1999.
CAUSES
OF RISK
WIND AND WATER
PENETRATE BUILDING
ENVELOPE
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES
WINDOWS
CYCLONES
GLOBAL
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
STORM SURGE
HEAVY PRECIPITATION IN A
SHORT TIME
FLASH FLOODING
LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)
CAUSES
OF RISK
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
FLOODS
FLOOD
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS
DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES
(HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND
WATER
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
SITING AND BUILDING ON
UNSTABLE SLOPES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO TOPPLES
LANDSLIDES
GLOBAL
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO LATERAL SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK
SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT
TRIGGERS SLOPE
GROUND SHAKING THAT
TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
MALAYSIA: PART OF THE COMPLEX
EURASIAN AND INDO-AUSTRALIAN
PLATE TECTONICS
MALAYASIA IS ON THE
SUNDA SUB-PLATE
THE SUNDA TECTONIC
PLATE
• The Sunda Plate is a minor tectonic
plate on which the majority of
Southeast Asia is located.
• The Sunda Plate was formerly
considered a part of the Eurasian plate,
but GPS measurements have
confirmed its independent movement at
10 mm/yr eastward relative to Eurasia.
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
GLOBAL
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES
OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
A PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARDS
DISASTER RESILIENCE IN
MALAYSIA - - Will result in fewer and less complex
HEALTH PROBLEMS
WILL result in fewer
DEATHS AND INJURIES
WILL result in shorter and less costly
RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
A PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARDS
DISASTER RESILIENCE
A THREE STEP PROCESS
TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE
IN MALAYSIA
• Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into
Books of Knowledge
• Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to
Innovative Educational Surges to Build
Professional and Technical Capacity
• Step 3: From Professional and Technical
Capacity to National Disaster Resilience
Step 1: Integrate Past
Experiences Into Books of
Knowledge
NOTE: A book of Knowledge is
everything we know or think we know
about Malaysia’s risk-causing
hazards
BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE
Are “TOOLS” to facilitate a
commitment by Malaysia to minimize
the likely impacts of the inevitable
future cyclones, floods, landslides
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
droughts, thereby anticipating and
preventing disasters
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
• Disaster resilience has become an
urgent global goal in the 21st
century as many Nations are
experiencing disasters after a
natural hazard strikes, and learning
that their communities, institutions,
and people do NOT yet have the
capacity to be disaster resilient.
Step 2: From Books of
Knowledge to Innovative
Educational Surges to Build
Professional and Technical
Capacity in Malaysia to
Minimize Likely Impacts in the
Next Disaster
NOTE: Step 2 is a task for a
Nation’s “Academies of Science,
Engineering and Medicine,” its
educational institutions at all
levels, and its electronic and
print media that provide public
information
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
• Disaster resilience does not just
happen; it is the result of decisionmaking for a national paradigm shift
from the status quo to an improved
“coping capacity” that enables the
country to recover quickly after a
disaster.
GOAL: MINIMIZE THE “DOMINO
EFECTS” OF THE NEXT DISASTER
Step 3: From Professional and
Technical Capacity to Sciencebased Decision-making for a
Paradigm Shift from the status
quo to Disaster Resilience in
Malaysia
NOTE: Step 3 is a task for
Malaysia’s “decision-makers,”
(i.e., its political leaders,
stakeholders, and leading
professionals)
who have a basis for deciding
on the nature and scope of a
national paradigm shift
LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS
A DISASTER:
INSUFFICIENT
CAPABILITIES OF
COMMUNITY
INCREASED
DEMANDS ON
COMMUNITY
LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS
MINIMIZE IMPACTS OF
FUTURE OCCURRENCES:
DEMANDS ON
COMMUNITY
CAPABILITIES OF
COMMUNITY
RISK ASSESSMENT
•NATURAL HAZARDS
MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
MALAYSIA’S
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
A PARADIGM SHIFT
IN MALAYSIA
COMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION/PREVENTION
•EARLY WARNING
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY/RECONSTRUCT.