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Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Which of the following types of seismic waves are
the fastest?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Love waves.
S-waves.
P-waves.
Rayleigh waves.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Which of the following types of seismic waves are
the fastest?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Love waves.
S-waves.
P-waves.
Rayleigh waves.
Explanation:
Body waves are the fastest seismic waves, with P-waves faster
than S-waves. Surface waves—Love waves and Rayleigh
waves—are slower than body waves.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Which of the following seismic waves showed that
Earth’s outer core is liquid?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Love waves.
S-waves.
P-waves.
Rayleigh waves.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Which of the following seismic waves showed that
Earth’s outer core is liquid?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Love waves.
S-waves.
P-waves.
Rayleigh waves.
Explanation:
S-waves are transverse waves—they cannot travel through
liquids.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
What is the significance of the Mohorovicic
ˇ´
discontinuity (also known as the Moho)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The Moho shows that the inner core is solid.
The Moho is the crust–mantle boundary.
The Moho is the core–mantle boundary.
The Moho is the boundary between oceanic and continental crust.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
ˇ ´
What is the significance of the Mohorovicic
discontinuity (also known as the Moho)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The Moho shows that the inner core is solid.
The Moho is the crust–mantle boundary.
The Moho is the core–mantle boundary.
The Moho is the boundary between oceanic and continental crust.
Explanation:
The Moho marks the location where wave speed increases
abruptly due to an increase of density. The denser rock is at the
top of the mantle and the base of the crust.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How does erosion of a mountain affect the depth
to which its root extends into the lithosphere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Erosion has no effect on the depth of its root.
As erosion occurs, the mountains root is forced downward due to
isostasy.
The eroding mountain is buoyed upward, which also raises the
base of the mountain’s root.
Erosion forces the lateral shifting of the mountain’s root.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How does erosion of a mountain affect the depth
to which its root extends into the lithosphere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Erosion has no effect on the depth of its root.
As erosion occurs, the mountains root is forced downward due to
isostasy.
The eroding mountain is buoyed upward, which also raises
the base of the mountain’s root.
Erosion forces the lateral shifting of the mountain’s root.
Explanation:
Isostatic adjustment caused by a change in the buoyant force
makes the mountain’s root extend to shallower depths.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How does temperature change with depth in
Earth’s interior?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Deep in the mantle, temperature increases ~30°C per km.
Near Earth’s surface, temperature stays the same until the mantle
is reached.
Earth is hottest in the plastically flowing asthenosphere.
Near Earth’s surface, temperature increases ~30°C per km.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How does temperature change with depth in
Earth’s interior?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Deep in the mantle, temperature increases ~30°C per km.
Near Earth’s surface, temperature stays the same until the mantle
is reached.
Earth is hottest in the plastically flowing asthenosphere.
Near Earth’s surface, temperature increases ~30°C per km.
Explanation:
~30°C per km is the rate of temperature change near Earth’s
surface, but the rate of change tapers off to as little as 1°C per km
deeper within the mantle.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Plate tectonics differs from continental drift in
which of the following ways?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plate tectonics provides a credible driving force.
Plate tectonics does not explain the fit between South America
and Africa.
Plate tectonics showed that ancient ice sheets did not exist.
Plate tectonics showed that Pangaea broke up much later than
predicted by continental drift.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Plate tectonics differs from continental drift in
which of the following ways?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plate tectonics provides a credible driving force.
Plate tectonics does not explain the fit between South America
and Africa.
Plate tectonics showed that ancient ice sheets did not exist.
Plate tectonics showed that Pangaea broke up much later than
predicted by continental drift.
Explanation:
Alfred Wegener did not present a credible hypothesis for why the
continents drifted, but plate tectonics recognizes the roles of
mantle convection, slab-pull, and ridge-push in rearranging
Earth’s surface.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Which of the following lines of evidence supported
Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fit of continents, similar ocean basins, ancient ice sheets.
Fit of continents, ancient ice sheets, evolution of fish.
Fit of continents, similar fossils, matched-up rocks.
Fit of continents, matched-up rocks, east–west polarity.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Which of the following lines of evidence supported
Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fit of continents, similar ocean basins, ancient ice sheets.
Fit of continents, ancient ice sheets, evolution of fish.
Fit of continents, similar fossils, matched-up rocks.
Fit of continents, matched-up rocks, east–west polarity.
Explanation:
The four lines of evidence are fit of continents, similar fossils,
matched-up rocks, and ancient ice sheets.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How did seafloor spreading suggest a driving force
for continental drift?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Youngest seafloor is found near continents.
Seafloor spreading pushes continents.
Mantle convection causes irreversible slippage.
Subduction creates the youngest seafloor.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How did seafloor spreading suggest a driving force
for continental drift?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Youngest seafloor is found near continents.
Seafloor spreading pushes continents.
Mantle convection causes irreversible slippage.
Subduction creates the youngest seafloor.
Explanation:
When a continent breaks up and a new spreading center forms,
seafloor spreading pushes the now-separated continents away
from each other as new lithosphere is created on both sides of the
spreading center (or mid-ocean ridge).
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How does the seafloor become magnetized?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Accumulating sediment on the seafloor aligns with Earth’s
magnetic field.
The seafloor becomes magnetized when the poles reverse.
When magnetic poles wander slightly around the geographic
poles, the seafloor responds by becoming magnetized.
Magnetite crystals become aligned with Earth’s magnetic field as
new oceanic crust cools from a molten state.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How does the seafloor become magnetized?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Accumulating sediment on the seafloor aligns with Earth’s
magnetic field.
The seafloor becomes magnetized when the poles reverse.
When magnetic poles wander slightly around the geographic
poles, the seafloor responds by becoming magnetized.
Magnetite crystals become aligned with Earth’s magnetic
field as new oceanic crust cools from a molten state.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
What is the ultimate cause of plate tectonics?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Heat transfer away from Earth’s interior.
Combined lunar and solar tides.
Seafloor spreading.
Continental drift.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
What is the ultimate cause of plate tectonics?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Heat transfer away from Earth’s interior.
Combined lunar and solar tides.
Seafloor spreading.
Continental drift.
Explanation:
The ultimate cause is heat transfer from the interior—the cooling
of the planet. If Earth had a uniform temperature throughout—in
other words, it was completely cooled—there would be no mantle
convection and no moving plates. Without moving plates, there
could be no slab-pull or ridge-push.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Each tectonic plate is composed of
A.
B.
C.
D.
modified mantle rock.
crust and uppermost mantle.
crustal rock.
either modified mantle rock or crustal rock.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Each tectonic plate is composed of
A.
B.
C.
D.
modified mantle rock.
crust and uppermost mantle.
crustal rock.
either modified mantle rock or crustal rock.
Explanation:
The rigid lithosphere is composed of the crust and the top of the
mantle. Earth’s lithosphere is divided into a number of pieces
known as plates.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
At which type of plate boundary is new lithosphere
created?
A.
B.
C.
Convergent boundaries.
Divergent boundaries.
Transform-fault boundaries.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
At which type of plate boundary is new lithosphere
created?
A.
B.
C.
Convergent boundaries.
Divergent boundaries.
Transform-fault boundaries.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
At which type of plate boundary is lithosphere
neither created nor destroyed?
A.
B.
C.
Convergent boundaries.
Divergent boundaries.
Transform-fault boundaries.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
At which type of plate boundary is lithosphere
neither created nor destroyed?
A.
B.
C.
Convergent boundaries.
Divergent boundaries.
Transform-fault boundaries.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Water causes partial melting of the mantle at which
type of plate boundary?
A.
B.
C.
Convergent boundaries.
Divergent boundaries.
Transform-fault boundaries.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Water causes partial melting of the mantle at which
type of plate boundary?
A.
B.
C.
Convergent boundaries.
Divergent boundaries.
Transform-fault boundaries.
Explanation:
As a subducting oceanic plate descends into the mantle, water is
driven from it into the overlying mantle. The water lowers the
melting point of mantle rock, causing it to partially melt (mantle
rock never melts completely).
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Volcanoes do not form at which type of convergent
plate boundary?
A.
B.
C.
Oceanic–oceanic boundaries.
Oceanic–convergent boundaries.
Continental–continental convergent boundaries.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Volcanoes do not form at which type of convergent
plate boundary?
A.
B.
C.
Oceanic–oceanic boundaries.
Oceanic–convergent boundaries.
Continental–continental convergent boundaries.
Explanation:
Subduction does not occur at continental–continental convergent
boundaries, so volcanoes do not form at such plate boundaries.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How can a food chain exist in a deep-ocean trench
where it is completely dark and very cold?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Certain fish inadvertently bring down enough food to keep the
base of the food chain viable.
Minute amounts of sunlight reach these frigid depths.
Deep-ocean organisms come to shallower depths to feed.
Hydrothermal vents emit chemicals that certain organisms can
consume, forming the base of the food chain.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
How can a food chain exist in a deep-ocean trench
where it is completely dark and very cold?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Certain fish inadvertently bring down enough food to keep the
base of the food chain viable.
Minute amounts of sunlight reach these frigid depths.
Deep-ocean organisms come to shallower depths to feed.
Hydrothermal vents emit chemicals that certain organisms
can consume, forming the base of the food chain.
Explanation:
Some microorganisms are capable of chemosynthesis, which
provides energy for growth. These chemosynthetic organisms
produce organic carbon, on which higher organisms feed.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
The Himalayan Mountains formed at which type of
plate boundary?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Transform-fault boundary.
Oceanic–continental convergent boundary.
Divergent boundary.
Continental–continental convergent boundary.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
The Himalayan Mountains formed at which type of
plate boundary?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Transform-fault boundary.
Oceanic–continental convergent boundary.
Divergent boundary.
Continental–continental convergent boundary.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Transform-fault boundaries usually form
A.
B.
C.
D.
between two segments of a mid-ocean ridge.
between two other transform-fault boundaries.
between a mid-ocean ridge and a subduction zone.
in the rift of a mid-ocean ridge.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Transform-fault boundaries usually form
A.
B.
C.
D.
between two segments of a mid-ocean ridge.
between two other transform-fault boundaries.
between a mid-ocean ridge and a subduction zone.
in the rift of a mid-ocean ridge.
Explanation:
Transform-fault boundaries generally transform divergent motion
from one ridge segment to the next. Thus, they usually occur
between adjacent ridge segments.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Earthquakes are caused by
A.
B.
C.
D.
the friction between diverging plates.
the sudden release of energy that is stored elastically in
deforming rocks.
the expansion of Earth’s crust.
the combined motion of tectonic plates.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
Earthquakes are caused by
A.
B.
C.
D.
the friction between diverging plates.
the sudden release of energy that is stored elastically in
deforming rocks.
the expansion of Earth’s crust.
the combined motion of tectonic plates.
Explanation:
Strain builds up in rocks in the form of elastic energy. Just as
elastic energy is released when a rubber band is stretched
(deformed) then suddenly released, earthquakes occur when
elastic energy stored in rock is suddenly released. This occurs
when rock can no longer deform without breaking.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
At which of the following plate boundaries does a
tsunami usually occur?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Transform-fault boundary.
Oceanic–continental convergent boundary.
Divergent boundary.
Continental–continental convergent boundary.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 22
At which of the following plate boundaries does a
tsunami usually occur?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Transform-fault boundary.
Oceanic–continental convergent boundary.
Divergent boundary.
Continental–continental convergent boundary.
Explanation:
Most tsunami (Japanese for harbor wave) occur at subduction
zones. The overlying plate gets bent by sticking to the sinking
plate. When the overlying plate can no longer bend, it snaps
upward, hurling kilotons of water skyward. Tsunami can also occur
at oceanic–oceanic convergent boundaries.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley