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Classification
Linnaeus was the scientist
who developed scientific
naming system.
Domain comes
before Kingdom!
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
Classification is a way to
organize living things into
groups according to
characteristics.
Why use a scientific name?
•Because many
organisms have several
common names that vary
due to region or cultures
and it becomes
confusing…
Ex. Puma, cougar, panther,
mountain lion, ghost cat – all the
same animal…
…But the scientific name stays
the same no matter where you go
Ex. Felis concolor is the scientific
name for a mountain lion.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Taxonomy – identifying,
classifying organisms ,and
assigning scientific names.
How to write a scientific name:
Genus species
Notice only the first letter is
capitalized while everything
else is lowercase. Both
words must be underlined
unless written in cursive or
italics, then no underline is
used.
Comprise scientific name aka binomial
nomenclature
Classification of Ursus Arctos
All
encompassing –
many organisms
at Kingdom level
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
As you move
down the levels,
the animals
become more and
more specific to
the level
CLASS Mammalia
Philip
Came
Over
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
Only ONE
organism at
Species level
King
SPECIES Ursus arctos
For
Good
Soup
Classification and Phylogeny
• The goal is to have classification
evolutionary relationships
• Biologists use phylogenetic trees to
depict hypotheses about the evolutionary
history of a species and reflect the
hierarchal classification of groups
Classification and Phylogeny
• How are phylogenetic trees made?
• Look at homologous structures (structures that
may vary in form and function, but have similarities
because they evolved from the same structure in a
common ancestor – ie, whale flipper, bat wing, etc –
bones develop from same tissues and have the
same bones in those limbs)
• The greater the number of homologous structures
between two species, the more closely related they
are.
•Can now also use DNA to compare amino acid
sequences
Order
Family
Felidae
Genus
Species
Panthera
Panthera
pardus
(leopard)
Mephitis
Mephitis
mephitis
(striped skunk)
Carnivora
Mustelidae
Lutra
Lutra
lutra
(European
otter)
Canis
latrans
(coyote)
Canidae
Canis
Canis
lupus
(wolf)
Classification and Cladistics
• In cladistics, organisms are grouped by
common ancestry. Being able to look at
DNA changed how we classified
organisms
• A clade consists of an ancestral
species and all its evolutionary
descendants and forms a distinct branch
in the tree of life
Iguana
Outgroup
(reptile)
Duck-billed
platypus
Hair, mammary
glands
Kangaroo
Gestation
Beaver
Long gestation
Ingroup
(mammals)
Classification and Cladistics
Cladistics has changed the traditional
classification of some organisms,
including the relationships between
dinosaurs, birds, crocodiles, lizards
and snakes
Lizards
and snakes
Crocodilians
Pterosaurs
Common
ancestor of
crocodilians,
dinosaurs,
and birds
Ornithischian
dinosaurs
Saurischian
dinosaurs
Birds
Phylogenetic Trees vs. Cladograms
Appendages
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
Crustaceans
Crab
Gastropod
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted
exoskeleton
Incorrect !
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
Ancestor
PHYLOGENETIC
TREES
Based on
“looks” of
organisms
CLADOGRAM
Phylogenetic Trees vs. Cladograms
Appendages
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
Crustaceans
Crab
Gastropod
Barnacle
Limpet
= derived
character –
characteristics
that appear in
recent lineage,
but not in older
members.
Sessile
Molted
exoskeleton
Correct!
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
Ancestor
PHYLOGENETIC
TREES
CLADOGRAM
Based on
Evolutionary
Path and DNA
Classification: A Work in
Progress
• Phylogenetic trees are hypotheses
about evolutionary history. They are
revised, and in some cases rejected,
as new evidence is found. Being able
to compare DNA has really enabled us
to challenge traditional classifications
and remodel phylogenetic trees.
Classification: A Work in
Progress
• In the late 1900s, DNA and cladistics
led to the development of a threedoman system, recognizing
• two domains of prokaryotes (Bacteria and
Archaea)
• one domain of eukaryotes (Eukarya)
Domain Bacteria
Earliest
organisms
Domain Archaea
The protists
(multiple
kingdoms)
Kingdom
Plantae
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Animalia
Key Characteristics of Kingdoms
Both Bacterial Kingdoms
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or chloroplasts
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Living
Things
Bacteria!
NO nucleus
are characterized by
Eukaryotic
cells
and differing
Important
characteristics
which place them in
Cell wall
structures
such as
Domain
Eukarya
Prokaryotic cells
Nucleus
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
which coincides with
which coincides with
* Kingdom
Eubacteria
* Kingdom
Archaebacteria
* Kingdom
Plantae
* Kingdom
Fungi
6 Kingdoms!
* Kingdom
Animalia
* Kingdom
Protista
Cladograms of Six Kingdoms
Bacteria
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia