Download HS-ATS-8 Urinary System Presentation

Urinary
system
Functions of Urinary System
• Removes waste
• Maintains acid-base
balance of body
• Parts include:
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2 KIDNEYS
2 URETERS
BLADDER
URETHRA
Kidneys
• 2 bean shaped organs
• Protected by ribs and fat
• Each kidney is found in mass of fatty tissue
(adipose capsule)
• 2 main sections:
– Cortex: outer layer, contains most of the neurons that
aid in production of urine
– Medulla: inner layer, contains most of tubes that carry
urine from the nephrons through the kidneys
Nephrons
• Microscopic filtering units
• Over 1 million/kidney
• Contains glomerulus
– Cluster of capillaries that
filter waste
• Bowman’s capsule
– Surround glomerulus picks
up filtered materials and
passes it to the convoluted
tubule
– Substances needed by the
body are reabsorbed and
returned to the capillaries
• At the end, most of the
water, sugar, vitamins and
salts have been reabsorbed
• Excess salts, water, wastes
remain in the tubule and
become urine
• Urine enters collecting
ducts (tubes) in the
medulla
• Collecting tubes empty
into the renal pelvis (first
section of the ureter)
Ureters
• 2 muscular tubes 10-12
inches long
• One extends from the
renal pelvis to the bladder
• Peristalsis: a wavelike
motion of the involuntary
muscle that moves urine
through the ureter from
the kidney to the bladder
Bladder
• Hollow muscular sac
• Lining folds called rugae –
disappears as muscles of
bladder allow it to expand
and fill with urine
• 3 layers of visceral muscle
• Urge to void occurs when
bladder contains 1 cup
• Circular sphincter muscle
– Control bladder opening
– Can’t be controlled by
infants
• FUNCTIONS:
– Receives urine from
ureters
– Stores urine until
eliminated from body
Urethra
• Tube carries urine from
bladder to outside
• External opening called
meatus
• Different in male/females
– Females shorter
– Opens in front of vagina or
passes through the penis
– Male: carries both urine
from urinary system and
semen from the
reproductive system
Urine
• Liquid waste
• 95% water
• Excess useful products
like sugar can be found,
but usually indicates
disease
• 1 ½ - 2 quarts produced
daily
• 150 quarts filtered through
kidneys
Key Terms
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Polyuria: excess urination
Oliguria: below normal urination
Anuria: absence of urination
Hematuria: blood in urine
Nocturia: urination at night
Dysuria: painful urination
Retention: inability to empty bladder
Incontinence: involuntary urination
Diseases
Symptoms:
• Frequent urination
• Inflammation of the
bladder
• More common in
females due to
shortness of urethra
• Dysuria and burning
• Bladder spasm
• Hematuria
• ? Fever ?
Treatment:
• Antibiotics and increased
fluid intake
Glomerulonephritis
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Inflammation of the glomerulus
Usually follows strep infection
Can be acute or chronic
Symptoms: hematuria, hypertension, edema,
fatigue, congestive heart failure, renal failure,
death
• Treatment: treat symptoms
– Low salt diet, high blood pressure medicine, dialysis,
transplant
Pyelonephritis
• Inflammation of kidney tissue and renal
pelvis
• Usually caused by pus forming bacteria
• Symptoms: chills, fever, back pain, dysuria,
hematuria and pyuria
• Treatment: antibiotics, increased fluid
intake
Renal Calculi
• Kidney stone formed when salts in urine
settle
• Small stones can be eliminated in urine
• Large stones may become lodged
• Symptoms: sudden pain, hematuria and
retention
• Treatment: increase fluids, pain meds, strain
urine w/ gauze, lithotripsy, possible surgery
Renal Failure
• Kidneys stop functioning
• Acute
– Caused by injury, poisoning, dehydration
– Prompt treatment leads to good prognosis
• Chronic
– Progressive loss of kidney function caused by
glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins and endocrine
disease.
– Waste accumulates and affects body systems
Uremia
• Toxic condition where urinary waste is in
bloodstream
• Caused from any condition that affects
proper function of kidneys
• Symptoms: n/v, ammonia breath, anuria,
headache and confusion, coma/death
• Treatment: restrictive diet,
dialysis, transplant
Urethritis
• Inflammation of the urethra
• Caused by bacteria, viruses or chemicals
• Symptoms: painful urination, redness,
itching at meatus, ?discharge
• Treatment: sitz baths or warm compresses,
antibiotics, increased fluid intake