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Macromolecules You are what you eat! Chapter 5 AP Biology Carbohydrates Subunit / Monomer Monosaccharide 1:2:1 (C6H12O6) Function energy raw materials energy storage structural compounds glycosidic bond Examples AP Biology glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen Sugars Most NAMES END in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) CH2OH H O H OH 6H HO H AP Biology OH Glucose H CH2OH OH C O H HO H 5 OH O H HO H Ribose H H H C OH C 3OH H Glyceraldehyde Numbered carbons These will become important! C 6' 5' C O 4' C C1' energy stored in C-C bonds harvested in cellular respiration C3' AP Biology C2' CH2OH Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars Glucose & Fructose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers Starch Cellulose AP Biology H O H OH H H OH HO Glucose H OH Building sugars DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Bonding Together = Water Byproduct monosaccharides | glucose AP Biology H2O | fructose disaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) BREAKING SUGARS HYDROLYSIS Breaking Bonds = Adding Water AP Biology Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi) AP Biology Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release starch (plant) energy storage What does branching do? glycogen (animal) AP Biology fast release Faster digestion! Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose ISOMERS of glucose SAME MOLECULAR – DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL AP Biology Structure determines function… Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have not that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage AP Biology But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this stuff?! Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Caprophage Ruminants Regents Biology Tell Ime about eat the rabbits, WHAT! again, George!