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Macromolecules
You are what you eat!
Chapter 5
AP Biology
Carbohydrates
 Subunit / Monomer
Monosaccharide
 1:2:1 (C6H12O6)

 Function
energy
 raw materials
 energy storage
 structural compounds

glycosidic bond
 Examples

AP Biology
glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen
Sugars
 Most NAMES END in -ose
 Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
 5C = pentose (ribose)
 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
6H
HO
H
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OH
Glucose
H
CH2OH
OH
C
O
H
HO
H
5
OH
O
H
HO
H
Ribose
H
H
H
C
OH
C
3OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Numbered carbons
These will become
important!
C 6'
5' C
O
4' C
C1'
energy stored in C-C bonds
harvested in cellular respiration
C3'
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C2'
CH2OH
Simple & complex sugars
 Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
 Glucose & Fructose

 Disaccharides
2 monomers
 sucrose

 Polysaccharides
large polymers
 Starch
 Cellulose
AP Biology

H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Glucose
H
OH
Building sugars
 DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
 Bonding Together = Water Byproduct
monosaccharides
|
glucose
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H2O
|
fructose
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
BREAKING SUGARS
 HYDROLYSIS
 Breaking Bonds = Adding Water
AP Biology
Polysaccharides
 Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
 easily reversible = release energy

 Function:

energy storage
 starch (plants)
 glycogen (animals)
 in liver & muscles

structure
 cellulose (plants)
 chitin (arthropods & fungi)
AP Biology
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
slow release
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
What does
branching do?
glycogen
(animal)
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fast
release
Faster digestion!
Polysaccharide diversity
 Molecular structure determines function
in starch
in cellulose

ISOMERS of glucose

SAME MOLECULAR – DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL
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Structure determines function…
Cellulose
 Most abundant organic
compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
digest cellulose
 most carnivores have not

 that’s why they
eat meat to get
their energy &
nutrients
 cellulose = undigestible roughage
AP Biology
But it tastes
like hay!
Who can live
on this stuff?!
Helpful bacteria
 How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Caprophage
Ruminants
Regents Biology
Tell Ime
about
eat
the rabbits,
WHAT!
again,
George!