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Download 2 Kingdoms of bacteria
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Bacteria Show all characteristics of living things: • • • • • • Made of cells Organized Use energy (process of metabolism) Maintain homeostasis Grow Reproduce • 2 Kingdoms of bacteria: Archaebacteria Eubacteria • (All bacteria were formerly known as Monera.) Kingdom Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Single celled Cell call (does not have peptidoglycan) Live in harsh environments 3 major groups 1) methanogens – swamps, digestive tracts 2) halophiles – salty areas 3) thermoacidophiles – hot & acidic areas Kingdom Eubacteria Prokaryotes Single celled Cell wall with peptidoglycan Can live almost anywhere 3 major bacterial shapes 1) Cocci – round 2) Bacilli – rod 3) Spirilli – spiral Terms about bacterial arrangements • Strep = chains • Staphylo = clusters Cyanobacteria – also called blue green algae Helpful bacteria • Most (about 90%) of all bacteria are harmless or helpful to us. Can be used for: 1) foods (cheese, buttermilk, yogurt, etc…) 2) decomposers 3) used in industry Harmful bacteria • Some bacteria can be pathogens (disease causing) Bacterial infections & diseases strep throat food poisoning (botulism) gonorrhea tuberculosis salmonella lyme disease tetanus staph • There are over 30 types, but Staphylococcus aureus causes most staph infections, including • Skin infections • Pneumonia • Food poisoning • Toxic shock syndrome • Blood poisoning (bacteremia) • Streptococcus pyogenes, which also causes other common infections such as strep throat or impetigo. Usually the infections caused by these bacteria are mild. In rare cases, however, the bacteria produce poisons (toxins) that can damage the soft tissue. What makes some bacteria harmful? 1) toxins (Exotoxins- are released by living bacteria Endotoxins- are released when the bacteria die) 2) the bacteria destroy tissues How do we treat bacterial infections? ANTIBIOTICS – drugs that inhibit or kill bacteria There are several types of antibiotics. Some are made from fungi or other bacteria. Special structures Capsules – some bacteria form a hard outer covering to protect them from drying out or from your bodies immune system Pili – short, hair-like structures on the bacterial surface, used to help bacteria “stick”. 3) Endospores – another covering that protects the bacteria from a harsh environment, allows the bacteria to go dormant. 4) Flagella – whip-like tail to help with movement Bacteria & reproduction Reproduce asexually by binary fission Reproduce sexually by conjugation (exchange genetic information between 2 bacteria) Conjugation How bacteria get their energy 1) Heterotrophs saprophytes – decomposers 2) Autotrophs photoautotrophs – photosynthesis (no chloroplasts!!) Some bacteria need oxygen – obligate aerobes Some bacteria die around oxygen – obligate anaerobes Some bacteria can live with or without oxygen – facultative anaerobes
