Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Biological Control Principles Natural Control Biological Control Definition “The use of living organisms to suppress the population of a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less damaging than it would otherwise be” (Eilenberg et al., 2001) Biological Control Predators • Feed on all stages of prey • Predators kill more than one individual • Not highly specialized • Chewing and sucking predators • More than half are Coleoptera Parasitoids • Endo and Ecto parasitoids • Parasitoid larvae are the ones feeding • Solitary or gregarious • Multiple parasitism • Superparasitism • Egg, larval, pupal and adult parasitoids Parasitoids can alter host behavior Parasitoids can alter host behavior Bio-control is Diverse! Pathogens • • • • • Bacteria Fungi Viruses Nematodes Protozoa Pathogens • Survive longer in the field but have low virulence • Biological alternative to chemical insecticides Bacteria Out of all, Bacillus thurigiensis is the most used • 1921: reported in Japan. • 1940s: Commercial prep. Available in France Crystals containing poison • 39% of biopesticides • Lep, Dip and Colep strains Viruses • Out of 6 groups only 3 are safe: -Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) -Granulosis visus (GV) -Citoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (CPV) • Family Specific • Need to be ingested Fungi • Can penetrate cuticle Nematodes • Three important families: - Steinenermatidae - Heterorhabditidae - Mermithidae • Useful for soil and bark insects Bio-control is Diverse! Biological Control is not always applicable Low Economic Injury Levels High Pest Density Eradication Programs Biological control is an old practice The three methods of Bio-control • Classical Biological control • Augmentation - Inoculation - Inundation • Conservation Bio-control