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Notes - Classification Why Classify? Classification makes it easier to answer questions about living things such as • How many known species are there? • What are the defining characteristics of each species? • What are the relationships between these species? Taxonomy • The science of describing, classifying, and naming living things Levels of Classification • • • • • • • Kingdom (largest, most general) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (only one kind of organism) King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti Classification History • Aristotle – (4th century B.C./Greek) the first person to organize things scientifically. • Linnaeus – (18th century/Swedish) Carolus Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy. He grouped things according to their shared characteristics like shape and structure. • Science is dynamic (changing). As we make new discoveries, our groupings of organisms sometimes change. Binomial Nomenclature (two names) • What is a puma vs. a mountain lion vs. a cougar? Felis concolor • Names are in Latin or Greek so that all scientists use the same name • Linnaeus simplified the naming process with two parts; genus and species. • Genus is always capitalized, species is lower case • You can abbreviate the genus, but not the species • Genus and species are in italics or underlined Scientific Names • • • • • Felis domesticus Tyrannosaurus rex Canis familiaris Homo sapien Panthera onca • • • • • house cat T. rex dog human jaguar Dichotomous Key • A guide to identifying organisms • It is based on statements/questions that will be answered with one of two responses. These responses lead you to other statements until you reach the identity of the organism. 1 A. Metal..................................go to 2 1 B. Paper.................................go to 5 2 A. Brown (copper)..................penny 2 B. Silver..................................go to 3 3 A. Smooth edge..................... nickel. 3 B. Ridges around the edge....go to 4 4 A. Torch on back....................dime 4 B. Eagle on back...................quarter 5 A. Number 1 in the corners....$1 bill 5 B. Number 2 in the corners....$2 bill Important Terms Prokaryote – having no nucleus Eukaryote – having a nucleus Unicellular – made up of one single cell Multicellular – made up of more than one cell Autotroph – make their own food Heterotroph – get food from consuming something else Six Kingdoms Archaebacteria Fungi •Prokaryote •Single-cell •autotrophs and heterotrophs •extremophiles •“ancient” bacteria •Eukaryote •mostly multi-cell, some single-cell •heterotrophs, external digestion •mushrooms, mold, yeast Eubacteria Plantae •Prokaryote •Single-cell •autotrophs and heterotrophs •E. coli, strep throat, cheese •“true” bacteria •Eukaryote •Multi-cell •autotrophs •trees, flowers, shrubs Protista Animalia •Eukaryote •mostly single-cell, some multi-cell •autotrophs and heterotrophs •algae, paramecium, diatoms •Eukaryote •Multi-cell •heterotrophs, internal digestion •mosquito, fish, dog