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CLASSIFICATION Why Do We Classify Organisms? • Organize • Recognize relationships • To study the evolutionary history (phylogeny). History of Classification? ARISTOTLE • Greek philosopher • Divided organisms into 2 groups Plants and Animals • Divided animals into groups – 1. walking – 2. flying – 3. swimming History of Classification Carolus Linnaeus • Classified plants and animals according to similarities in structure • Divided living things into one of two kingdoms – Plant or Animal • Divided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called – Genera (genus) • Divided each genera into smaller groups called – species The Evolution of Our Classification System • The Linnaean System – used by scientists all over the world – expanded to include new and different living things – will continue to grow as human knowledge grows Classification Terminology • CLASSIFICATION – • Grouping things based on their similarities. • TAXONOMY – • The science of classifying organisms. • ORGANISM – • Any living thing. • BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE – • A two-part scientific name (Genus species). • EVOLUTION – • Species change gradually over time. Our Current Classification System • Specific groups based on – Similarities and differences in body structure – DNA – Behavior – Other? Our Current Classification System • The largest group – kingdom • Followed by –P –C –O –F –G –S Our Hierarchical System • Taxonomists divide organisms into a series of groups (divisions) that get more and more specific. – Kingdoms include the largest numbers of organisms. – Species include only one type of organism. • Moving from kingdom to species • For example, two organisms in the same order have more in common than two organisms in the same class. – groups increase in commonality and evolutionary relationships, but decreasing in size (fewer numbers). The 5 Kingdoms Moneran Kingdom • Bacteria – oldest living organisms on Earth – Microscopic – unicellular – Prokaryotes – Heterotrophs and autotrophes – found in the ground, water and in other living organisms Structure of Bacteria Harmful Bacteria • In human hosts, bacteria cause – tetanus – pneumonia, – strep throat • Humans can be treated with antibiotics • Sterilization and disinfectants can help prevent infection Helpful Bacteria • Produces food – Yogurt – Sauerkraut • Helps digest food – E. coli in intestines • Keeps the soil fertile – Decomposes dead organisms The Kingdom Debate • Some scientists separate the Moneran Kingdom into two kingdoms – Based on chemical makeup Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria • Archaebacteria – “ancient bacteria” – “extremophiles” • Found in harsh conditions such as volcanic vents at the bottom of the sea • Eubacteria – “true bacteria” – blue-green algae – Most bacteria are in this kingdom Protist Kingdom • Odds and ends kingdom • Unicellular/Multicellular • Heterotrophic/Autotrophic • Eukaryotic (nucleus) • Live in water, soil or humans Classification of Protists Protozoans Animal-like heterotrophs ex. Amoeba and Paramecium Algae Plant-like Autotrophs Ex. Volvox and Giant Kelp Fungi Kingdom • Multicellular – Mushrooms, mold, mildew • Unicellular – Yeast only • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophs – Absorb dead things The Importance of Fungi • Decomposers – Break down dead organisms – Return nutrients to the soil • Drugs are produced – penicillin • Food supply – mushrooms, truffles • Yeast – Fermentation which makes alcohol and produces carbon dioxide to make bread Bad Fungi? • Animal diseases – ringworm – athlete's foot • Plant diseases – rusts – smuts – leaf, root, and stem rots Plant Kingdom • Multicellular • Eukaryotes • Autotrophs – make food through the process of photosynthesis • Examples – ferns, flowers, shrubs – Trees • Conifers • Deciduous Animal Kingdom • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophs Examples – Insects – Star fish – Humans Animal Kingdom Invertebrates Vertebrates The Organization of Life . . .