Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
“Chance Favors The Prepared Mind” -Alexander Fleming (1928) Penicillium notatum Cephalosporin Streptomyacin Bacitracin Cell Wall Disruption Antibiotic Producer organism Activity Site or mode of action Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Gram-positive bacteria Wall synthesis Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acremonium Broad spectrum Wall synthesis Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvum Dermatophytic fungi Microtubules Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis Gram-positive bacteria Wall synthesis Polymyxin B Bacillus polymyxa Gram-negative bacteria Cell membrane Amphotericin B Streptomyces nodosus Fungi Cell membrane Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus Gram-positive bacteria Protein synthesis Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae Broad spectrum Protein synthesis Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Gram-negative bacteria Protein synthesis Tetracycline Streptomyces rimosus Broad spectrum Protein synthesis Vancomycin Streptomyces orientalis Gram-positive bacteria Protein synthesis Gentamicin Micromonospora purpurea Broad spectrum Protein synthesis Rifamycin Streptomyces mediterranei Tuberculosis Protein synthesis Antibiotic Explosion or Antibiotic Exploitation? • In last 10 years, use of antibiotics has risen from 6 million lbs/yr to 50 million • 90% goes to raise the U.S. 1.3 billion cattle Ubiquity of Antibiotic Use How Do Drug Resistant Bacteria Evolve? The Solution Is The Problem • A stronger antibiotic without a change in its use will continue to promote growing antibiotic resistance How Do We Determine Which Strains Are Susceptible To Which Antibiotics? Kirby-Bauer Antibiotic Sensitivity Test Step 1: Bacterial Lawn • Petri dish w/nutrient agar is streaked with bacterial culture to produce a “lawn” of growth • Make sure that the entire dish gets streaked so that an even lawn is produced (not isolated plaques) Step 2: Antibiotic Placement • Various discs impregnated with antibiotics are placed on the bacterial “lawn • The antibiotics will diffuse out of the discs and onto the agar/”lawn” Step 3: Incubation • Incubate the bacteria for 24 hrs at 37 C • If the bacteria are resistant, they will grow over the antibiotic discs • If the bacterial are susceptible to the antibiotics diffusing out of the discs, a zone of inhibition (no growth) will be produced Measuring Zones of Inhibition • Measure the diameter of the zone of inhibition • Subtract the diameter of the disc from the total distance • If zone of inhibition is irregularly shaped, use average size or radius x 2 Interpreting Sensitivity Sensitivity Most = Largest Zone of Inhibition Least = Smallest Zone of Inhibition Mutation & Resistance Antibiotic Spectrum • Broad Spectrum – Has zones of inhibition for many bacterial strains • Narrow Spectrum – Has large zone of inhibition but for only 1-2 bacterial strains Lab Protocol • 1) Each group will receive – 2 LB Agar Plates – 1 Strain of Monera – Cotton Swabs – 10 Antibiotic Discs • 2) Dip a cotton swab into the bacterial broth/gel and swirl. • 3) Innoculate the first plate with your assigned Moneran strain. Repeat step 2 with a fresh swab and the second plate Protocol: Placing The Discs • Once both plates have been inoculated with your assigned Monera, add 4 to 5 antibiotic discs from the dispensers to each dish. Use a tweezers or probe to transfer them to the plate. • Making sure that the discs have adhered, invert the plate • Label your plates with your group, your period AND which strain of Monera it is • Incubate at 37 C