Download Section 1 Prokaryotes Chapter 23 Domain Bacteria

Chapter 23
Bacteria
Table of Contents
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Section 3 Bacteria and Humans
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Objectives
• Explain the phylogenetic relationships between the
domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
• Identify three habitats of archaea.
• Describe the common methods used to identify bacteria.
• Identify five groups of bacteria.
• Explain the importance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for
many of Earth’s ecosystem.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Two Major Domains: Archaea and Bacteria
• _____________________ are single-celled
organisms that do not have a membrane-bound
nucleus, and can live in nearly every environment on
Earth.
• Although tiny, prokaryotes differ greatly in their
• Based on genetic differences, prokaryotes are
grouped in two domains: Domain ______________
and Domain ___________________.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Three Domains of Living Organisms
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
• One of the ways in which archaea differ is the make
up of their ___________________. Archaeal cells
walls do not contain ____________________.
– ________________________ is a proteincarbohydrate complex found in bacterial cell walls
that make their cells walls rigid.
• Archaea differ in the types of _______________ in
their cell membrane. Also, archaea genes do not
contain ________________________.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea, continued
• Archaeal Groups
– Archaeal groups include methanogens, halophiles,
and thermoacidophiles.
• Methanogens convert
_______________________ and
_________________ into methane. They can
be found in the
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Section 1 Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea, continued
• Archaeal Groups, continued
– _____________________ are “salt-loving”
archaea that live in very salty environments such
as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea.
– ___________________________ live in very hot,
acidic environments, such as the hot springs of
Yellowstone National Park. Some
thermoacidophiles live at temperatures up to
110°C (230°F) and at a pH of less than 2.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria
• Bacteria occur in many shapes and sizes. Most
bacteria have one of three basic shapes: rod-shaped,
sphere-shaped, or spiral-shaped.
• Rod-shaped bacteria are called ____________
(singular, bacillus). An example
• Sphere-shaped bacteria are called ___________
(singular, coccus). An example of
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Section 1 Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria, continued
• Spiral shaped bacteria are called _______________
(singular, spirillum). An example of
• Cocci that form chains similar to a string of beads are
called ___________________________.
• Cocci that form clusters similar to a bunch of grapes
are called _________________________.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Three Bacterial Cell Shapes
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria, continued
• Gram Stain
– Most species of bacteria are classified into two
categories based on the structure of their cell walls as
determined by a technique called the Gram stain.
– Gram-positive bacteria have a _____________ layer of
peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and they appear
– Gram-negative bacteria have a ______________ layer
of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and they appear
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Gram Staining
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Important Bacterial Groups
• Bacteria are also classified by their biochemical properties
and evolutionary relationships.
• Proteobacteria
– Proteobacteria are one of the largest and most diverse
groups of bacteria, and contain several subgroups that
are extremely diverse.
– Members of this group include bacteria of the genus
_________________, the genus ________________,
and the bacterium ___________________________.
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Section 1 Prokaryotes
Important Bacterial Groups, continued
• Gram-Positive Bacteria
– Not all of the bacteria in this group are Gram-positive.
Biologists place a few species of Gram-negative
bacteria in this group because
– Members of this group include the streptococcal
species, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus anthracis, and
members of the genus Mycobacteria.
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Section 1 Prokaryotes
Important Bacterial Groups, continued
• Gram-Positive Bacteria, continued
– Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria, some
species of which produce ___________________.
• ___________________________ are
chemicals that inhibit the growth of or kill other
microorganisms. Streptomycin and tetracycline
are examples of antibiotics that are used
medicinally.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Important Bacterial Groups, continued
• Cyanobacteria
– Cyanobacteria use _____________________ to
get energy from sunlight, and make
carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide.
During this process, they create oxygen as a
waste product.
– Once called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria are
now known to be bacteria because they
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Section 1 Prokaryotes
Important Bacterial Groups, continued
• Spirochetes
– Spirochetes are Gram-negative, spiral-shaped
bacteria that move by means of a corkscrew-like
rotation. Some are aerobic.
– Spirochetes can live freely or as pathogens.
Pathogenic spirochetes include Treponema
pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, and
Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme
disease.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Prokaryotes
Important Bacterial Groups, continued
• Chlamydia
– Gram-negative coccoid pathogens of the group
Chlamydia live only inside animal cells. The cell
walls of chlamydia do not have peptidoglycan.
Chlamydia trachomatis causes the
____________________________ infection
called chlamydia.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Objectives
• Describe the internal and external structure of prokaryotic
cells.
• Identify the need for endospores.
• Compare four ways in which prokaryotes get energy and
carbon.
• Identify the different types of environments in which
prokaryotes can live.
• List three types of genetic recombination that prokaryotes
use.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Structure and Function
• The major structures of a prokaryotic cell include a
• Cell Wall
– Most prokaryotes have a cell wall. Bacterial cell
walls contain peptidoglycan. Archaeal cell walls do
not have peptidoglycan; instead, some contain
__________________________, a compound
made of unusual lipids and amino acids.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Structure and Function, continued
• Cell Membrane and Cytoplasm
– Bacterial and archaeal cell membranes are lipid
bilayers that have proteins. However, the lipids
and proteins of archaeal cell walls differ from
those of bacterial cell walls.
– The cytoplasm is a semifluid solution that contains
ribosomes, DNA, small organic and inorganic
molecules, and ions.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Structure and Function, continued
• DNA
– Prokaryotic DNA is a
– Along with a single main chromosome, some
prokaryotes have _________________________,
which are small, circular, self-replicating loops of
double-stranded DNA.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Structure and Function, continued
• Capsules and Pili
– Many bacteria have an outer covering of
polysaccharides called a ____________________
that protects the cell against drying, pathogens, or
harsh chemicals.
– _________________ are short, hairlike protein
structures on the surface of some bacteria that
help bacteria connect to each other and to
surfaces, such as those of a host cell.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Structure and Function, continued
• Endospores
– Some Gram-positive bacteria can form a thickcoated, resistant structure called an
_____________________ when environmental
conditions become harsh.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Structure and Function, continued
• Prokaryotic Movement
– Many prokaryotes have long flagella that allow the
prokaryotes to move toward food sources or away
from danger.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Structural Characteristics of a Bacterial Cell
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Nutrition and Metabolism
• Prokaryotes obtain nutrients either from the nonliving
environment or by utilizing the products or bodies of
living organisms.
– Heterotrophs
– Autotrophs
– Chemotrophs
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic Habitats
• Different prokaryotic species live in different
environments.
• Temperature requirements range from ______ to
__________.
•
Most prokaryotic species grow best at a
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Biology of Prokaryotes
Reproduction and Recombination
• Genetic recombination in bacteria can occur by the
following three ways:
– Transformation
– conjugation
– transduction
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Bacteria and Humans
Objectives
• Describe the ways in which bacteria can cause disease in
humans.
• Explain how a bacterial population can develop resistance to
antibiotics.
• Identify reasons for recent increases in the numbers of certain
bacterial infectious diseases.
• Identify ways of preventing a foodborne illness at home.
• List four industrial uses of bacteria.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Bacteria and Humans
Bacteria and Health
• Human diseases may result from
_____________________ or ___________________
produced by bacteria or from the destruction of body
tissues.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Bacteria and Humans
Bacteria and Health, continued
• Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance
– A _________________ in the DNA of a single
bacterium can confer resistance to an antibiotic.
– Cells with the ____________ gene have a
selective advantage when the antibiotic is present.
– ___________________ cells take over the
population when the normal cells die.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Bacteria and Humans
Bacteria and Health, continued
• Emerging Infectious Diseases Caused by
Bacteria
– The number of certain bacterial diseases has
increased because of the increase in the number
of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the movement of
people into previously untouched areas, and
global travel.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Bacteria and Humans
Bacteria and Health, continued
• Food Hygiene and Bacteria
– Foodborne illnesses can be avoided by
– Frequent hand washing in hot, soapy water is also
very important.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Bacteria and Humans
Important Bacterial Diseases
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Bacteria and Humans
Bacteria in Industry
• Many species of bacteria are used to produce and
process different foods, to produce industrial
chemicals, to mine for minerals, to produce
insecticides, and to clean up chemical and oil spills.
• Biologists have learned to harness bacteria to recycle
compounds in a process called
__________________________, which uses
bacteria to break down pollutants.
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