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Bacteria
Today’s Agenda:
-Journal Question: What are the
main differences between the
lytic cycle and the lysogenic
cycle?
*1. Lecture: Bacteria (slide 105)
2. Video: Viruses
Homework: Read Chapter 24
(pp. 466 – 480)
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Bacteria Classifications:
Monera Classification (old term) for Bacteria
(1) Archaebacteria “Ancient bacteria”
a. Life's Extremists! -hydrothermal
vent (680 degrees Fahrenheit)
b. Archaea are found in the harshest
environments on Earth
c. Unicellular Prokaryotes; waste
products  Methane gas
(2) Eubacteria “True Bacteria”
a. These bacteria are mostly
associated with disease.
b. Bacteria that cause tooth decay.
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Following the Path of an
Outbreak
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A. April 24, 2009: Swine Flu
Outbreak begins
B. World Health Organization
spokesman told the Canadian
news agency CBC that there have
been some 800 cases in Mexico
City, where schools are closed
due to the outbreak
C. Alarmingly, the flu outbreak in
Mexico is striking healthy young
people -- a pattern that would be
expected if a flu virus new to
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humans emerged.
Outbreak
1. U.S. Human Cases of Swine
Flu Infection State# of
laboratory confirmed cases:
(1) California 7 cases
(2) Kansas 2 cases
(3) New York City 8 cases
(4) Ohio1 case
(5) Texas 2 cases
TOTAL COUNT 20 cases
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International Human Cases of
Swine Flu Infection
As of April 26, 2009 9:00 AM ET5
Outbreak
1. U.S. Human Cases of Swine
Flu Infection State# of
laboratory confirmed cases:
(1) California: 10 cases
(2) Kansas: 2 cases
(3) New York City: 45 cases
(4) Ohio: 1 case
(5) Texas: 6 cases
Total Count = 64 Cases
As of April 28, 2009:
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Outbreak:
Monday (April 27, 2009)
- A New York City school where eight
cases were confirmed will be
closed Monday and Tuesday, and
14 schools in Texas, including a
high school where two cases were
confirmed, will be closed for at
least the next week.
- Some schools in California and Ohio
also were closing after students
were found or suspected to have
the flu.
- 40 Confirmed Cases in the United
States (4/27/09)
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Outbreak
D. U.S. health officials expressed
concern Friday that a swine flu
virus that has infected eight
people in the United States
matches samples of a virus
that has killed at least 68
people in Mexico.
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Outbreak
E. The new swine virus is unlike
any researchers have seen
before.
(1) It seems to be a combination
of segments from four viruses,
from three continents, with a
human segment, an avian (bird)
segment, and pig segments.
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Outbreak
F. Like humans, pigs get the flu.
Four different type A swine flu
strains commonly circulate
among pigs. Most recent swine
flu viruses have belonged to the
H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. Pigs
typically get sick but usually
don't die from swine flu.
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Outbreak
G. Swine Flue Symptoms:
(1) High Fever, Persistent Cough,
Sore Throat, Severe Headache,
Fatigue, Nausea. Symptoms
include fever and respiratory
symptoms, such as cough and
runny nose, and possibly other
symptoms, such as body aches,
nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.
(2) A health care provider will
determine whether influenza testing
is needed.
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Outbreak
H. What to do….
(1). Here's what you can do right
now: Wash your hands often
and well.
(2) Avoid people who are sick!
(3) Antiviral medications:
(1) Tami-flu
(2) Relenza
(4) Get Vaccinated
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Outbreak
I. How is this flu spread?
(1) Influenza is thought to spread
mainly person-to-person through
coughing or sneezing of
infected people.
(2) If you get sick, CDC
recommends that you stay home
from work or school and limit
contact with others to keep from
infecting them
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World Health Organization
Raises Threat Level of
Swine Flu Virus Strain
A. The move from level three to level four on the
WHO's six-level threat scale means the world
body has determined the virus is capable of
significant human-to-human transmission -- a
major step toward a flu pandemic
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Flu Virus Outbreak 2009
Influenza (flu) virus
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Kingdom: Monera
Domain: Eubacteria
All Monerans are bacteria.
1. They are everywhere you look:
a. In the air, soil, water, on the
surface of your desk, even inside
your body.

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Bacteria: Did you know?
Spotlight: Grocery Carts
1. The threat: The handles of
almost two-thirds of
shopping carts tested in a
2007 University of Arizona
study were contaminated
with fecal bacteria.
-The carts had even more
of these bacteria than the
average public bathroom
has.
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Kingdom: Eubacteria
b. There are 182 different types of
bacteria located on your skin.
c. Sweat glands excrete
lysozyme, which lyse (break
open) certain types of bacteria.
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Eubacteria):
1. Prokaryotes
a. No true nucleus and no
membrane bound organelles.
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Recall:
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Eubacteria):
2. Cell Walls
a. Outer capsule surrounds
cell wall for extra protection.
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Eubacteria):
3. A single chromosome is present.
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Eubacteria):
4. Too small to be seen without
the aid of a microscope.
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Eubacteria):
5. Some bacteria have flagella
and are able to move around.
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Eubacteria):
6. Common bacteria shapes:
a. Rod-shaped (bacillus)
b. Round (coccus)
c. Spiral-shaped (spirillum)
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Coccus Shaped Bacteria
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Spirillium Shaped Bacteria
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Monerans):
7. When living conditions become
unfavorable for some of these
bacteria, a tough, protective coat
forms around its DNA; producing a
highly resistant, dormant structure
called an endospore.
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Monerans):
7 a. When conditions become
favorable again, the
endospore develops into an
active cell.
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Monerans):
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8. Reproduction
a. A bacterium reproduces by
simply dividing into two
cells.
b. This method of
reproduction is called binary
fission.
c. This is a form of asexual
reproduction.
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Characteristics of
Bacteria (Monerans):
8. d. Asexual reproduction is
the production of one or
more genetically identical
offspring from a single
parent.
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Nutrition in True Bacteria
1. Heterotrophs:
Require complex
organic molecules
as their energy
source.
I. Parasites
II. Saprophytes
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Nutrition in True Bacteria
1. I. Parasites are organisms
that live in or on other
organisms.
(1) They always cause harm
to their host in some way.
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Nutrition in True Bacteria
1. II. Saprophytes are
organisms that feed on
dead organisms or
other organic wastes.
(1) They recycle the
nutrients contained in
decomposing
organisms.
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Nutrition in True Bacteria
2. Photosynthetic Autotrophs
use inorganic molecules or
light to obtain energy.
(1) They have no chloroplasts
(2) Chlorophyll is located in
membranes
Examples: Blue-green
bacteria are common in ponds,
lakes, puddles, streams, and
moist places.
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Nutrition in True Bacteria
3. Chemosynthetic
Autotrophs convert
inorganic materials
such as sulfur and
nitrogen compounds
into usable forms for
plants.
(Nitrogen Fixation)
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Nitrogen Fixation
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The Importance of Bacteria
1. Recycle nutrients
contained in decomposing
organisms.
2. Decomposers
3. Yogurt & Buttermilk are
made by adding certain
bacteria to milk.
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The Importance of Bacteria
4. The holes in Swiss Cheese
are caused by bubbles of
carbon dioxide produced by
the bacteria that give cheese
its flavor.
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The Importance of Bacteria
5. Many antibiotics are
produced by bacteria.
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Drug-Resistant Bacteria
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Next Topic:
Your Immune System
5/23/2017
Dr. Rick Woodward
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